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Salinity alleviates arsenic stress-induced oxidative damage via antioxidative defense and metabolic adjustment in the root of the halophyte Salvadora persica

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Abstract

Main conclusion

Arsenic tolerance in the halophyte Salvadora persica is achieved by enhancing antioxidative defense and modulations of various groups of metabolites like amino acids, organic acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, and phytohormones.

Abstract

Salvadora persica is a facultative halophyte that thrives under high saline and arid regions of the world. In present study, we examine root metabolic responses of S. persica exposed to individual effects of high salinity (750 mM NaCl), arsenic (600 µM As), and combined treatment of salinity and arsenic (250 mM NaCl + 600 µM As) to decipher its As and salinity resistance mechanism. Our results demonstrated that NaCl supplementation reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under As stress. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) maintained appropriate levels of ROS [superoxide (O2•−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)] under salinity and/or As stress. The metabolites like sugars, amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids exhibited higher accumulations when salt was supplied with As. Furthermore, comparatively higher accumulations of glycine, glutamate, and cystine under combined stress of salt and As may indicate its role in glutathione and phytochelatins (PCs) synthesis in root. The levels of phytohormones such as salicylate, jasmonate, abscisic acid, and auxins were significantly increased under high As with and without salinity stress. The amino acid metabolism, glutathione metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and phenylalanine metabolism are the most significantly altered metabolic pathways in response to NaCl and/or As stress. Our study decoded the important metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in As and/or salinity tolerance in root of the halophyte S. persica providing clues for development of salinity and As resistance crops.

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Data availability statement

All the data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.

Abbreviations

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

CAT:

Catalase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Reduced glutathione

GSSG:

Oxidized glutathione

IBA:

Indole-3-butyric acid

JA:

Jasmonic acid

SA:

Salicylic acid

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TCA cycle:

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

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Acknowledgements

The financial support from the Department of Science and Technology (DST) by the grant of SERB (SERB/SB/SO/PS-14/2014), DST, Government of India, New Delhi to AKP is duly acknowledged. This work was also supported by the fund from the Department of Science & Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, in the form of Inspire Fellowship (DST/Inspire Fellowship/2016/IF160267) to MP. This manuscript bears CSIR-CSMCRI registration number 154/2023.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Plant Omics Division, CSIR- Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Gijubhai Badheka Marg, Bhavnagar, 364002, Gujarat, India

    Monika Patel & Asish Kumar Parida

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Gaziabad, 201002, India

    Monika Patel & Asish Kumar Parida

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  1. Monika Patel
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  2. Asish Kumar Parida
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MP carried out the experiments, data acquisition, analyzed the data, and prepared manuscript. AKP conceptualized, designed and coordinated the experiments, interpreted the results, and improved manuscript.

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Correspondence to Asish Kumar Parida.

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Patel, M., Parida, A.K. Salinity alleviates arsenic stress-induced oxidative damage via antioxidative defense and metabolic adjustment in the root of the halophyte Salvadora persica. Planta 258, 109 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04263-4

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