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Volatiles released from bean plants in response to agromyzid flies

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Abstract

Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are two invasive flies in China that have caused economical damage on vegetables and ornamental plants. In this article, we report the profiles of emitted volatiles from healthy, mechanically damaged, and leafminer-damaged bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., plants. Among 25 emitted volatiles identified, (E)-2-hexen-1-al, (3E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (syn)- and (anti)-2-methylpropanal oxime, (syn)-2-methylbutanal oxime, linalool, and (E,E)-α-farnesene were consistently released from damaged bean plants. Combined amounts of these nine compounds made up more than 70% of the total volatiles emitted from each treatment. No qualitative differences in volatile emission were found between bean plants damaged by the two fly species; however, amounts of several major compounds induced by L. huidobrensis damage were significantly higher than those from plants damaged by L. sativae. The mechanically damaged plants released a higher proportion of green leaf volatiles than plants in the other treatments, whereas leafminer-damaged plants produced more terpenoids and oximes. Furthermore, the volatile profiles emitted from plants, damaged by adult leafminers, by second instar larvae, and even the plants with empty mines left by leafminer larvae (the pupal stage) were significantly different. The identification of volatile oximes released from damaged plants was confirmed and is discussed in a behavioral and biological control context.

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Abbreviations

CLP:

Bean plants with cut leaves

CTRL:

Clean bags

DMNT:

(3E)-4,8-Dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Lh-EMP:

Bean plants with empty mines left by L. huidobrensis larvae

Lh-FOP:

Bean plants on which Liriomyza huidobrensis had fed and oviposited

Lh-LP:

Bean plants infested with L. huidobrensis 2nd-instar larvae

Ls-EMP:

Bean plants with empty mines left by L. sativae larvae

Ls-FOP:

Bean plants on which L. sativae had fed and oviposited

Ls-LP:

Bean plants infested with L. sativae 2nd-instar larvae

NPP:

Bean plants with needle-punctured leaves

TMTT:

(3E,7E)-4,8,12-Trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene

UP:

Undamaged bean plants

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Acknowledgements

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. W. Boland, Dr. S. Bartram (Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany), and Dr. R. Kaiser (Givaudan Schweiz AG) for providing important reference compounds; to Prof. C. H. Zhao (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China) for donating some authentic volatile compounds and GC assistance; to Dr. T.C.J. Turlings (Institute of Zoology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland) for literature donations and homoterpene confirmation; and to Dr. Y. X. Zhao (the managing editor of Insect Science, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for advice and technical assistance. This study was supported by Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. KSCX2-SW-105) and a special grant from China Ministry of Science and Technology (State Key Basic Research and Development Grant No. G2000046803). J.N.W. gratefully acknowledges the support of K. C. Wong Education Foundation, Hong Kong.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100080, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Jia-Ning Wei & Le Kang

  2. Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Junwei Zhu

  3. MSTRS Technologies, Inc., 1026, Roy Carver Co-Laboratory, Plant Science Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Junwei Zhu

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  1. Jia-Ning Wei
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Correspondence to Le Kang.

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Wei, JN., Zhu, J. & Kang, L. Volatiles released from bean plants in response to agromyzid flies. Planta 224, 279–287 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0212-x

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