Abstract
The soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) is a circulating signaling molecule derived from immature myeloid cells. Elevated levels of suPAR have been linked to the pathogenesis of the kidney disease focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Here, suPAR acts on podocytes by activating αvβ3 integrins. Large observational studies showed that suPAR also predicts chronic kidney disease incidence and progression by predating the disease by several years prior to any other known marker of renal dysfunction. suPAR is rapidly developing into a prime target for pharmacotherapy as its neutralization is forecasted to be feasible and safe.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alachkar N, Wei C, Arend LJ, Jackson AM, Racusen LC, Fornoni A, Burke G, Rabb H, Kakkad K, Reiser J, Estrella MM (2013) Podocyte effacement closely links to suPAR levels at time of posttransplantation focal segmental glomerulosclerosis occurrence and improves with therapy. Transplantation 96(7):649–656
Alfano M, Cinque P, Giusti G, Proietti S, Nebuloni M, Danese S, D'Alessio S, Genua M, Portale F, Lo Porto M, Singhal PC, Rastaldi MP, Saleem MA, Mavilio D, Mikulak J (2015) Full-length soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor down-modulates nephrin expression in podocytes. Sci Rep 5:13647
Cathelin D, Placier S, Ploug M, Verpont MC, Vandermeersch S, Luque Y, Hertig A, Rondeau E, Mesnard L (2014) Administration of recombinant soluble urokinase receptor per se is not sufficient to induce podocyte alterations and proteinuria in mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 25(8):1662–1668
Delville M, Sigdel TK, Wei C, Li J, Hsieh SC, Fornoni A, Burke GW, Bruneval P, Naesens M, Jackson A, Alachkar N, Canaud G, Legendre C, Anglicheau D, Reiser J, Sarwal MM (2014) A circulating antibody panel for pretransplant prediction of FSGS recurrence after kidney transplantation. Sci Transl Med 6(256):256ra136
Guthoff M, Wagner R, Randrianarisoa E, Hatziagelaki E, Peter A, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Heyne N (2017) Soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) predicts microalbuminuria in patients at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 7:40627
Hahm E, Wei C, Fernandez I, Li J, Tardi NJ, Tracy M, Wadhwani S, Cao Y, Peev V, Zloza A, Lusciks J, Hayek SS, O'Connor C, Bitzer M, Gupta V, Sever S, Sykes DB, Scadden DT, Reiser J (2017) Bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells are a main source of circulating suPAR contributing to proteinuric kidney disease. Nat Med 23(1):100–106
Harita Y, Ishizuka K, Tanego A, Sugawara N, Chikamoto H, Akioka Y, Tsurumi H, Miura K, Gotoh Y, Tsujita M, Yamamoto T, Horike K, Takeda A, Oka A, Igarashi T, Hattori M (2014) Decreased glomerular filtration as the primary factor of elevated circulating suPAR levels in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Pediatr Nephrol 29(9):1553–1560
Hayek SS, Sever S, Ko YA, Trachtman H, Awad M, Wadhwani S, Altintas MM, Wei C, Hotton AL, French AL, Sperling LS, Lerakis S, Quyyumi AA, Reiser J (2015) Soluble urokinase receptor and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 373(20):1916–1925
Hill NR, Fatoba ST, Oke JL, Hirst JA, O'Callaghan CA, Lasserson DS, Hobbs FD (2016) Global prevalence of chronic kidney disease—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 11(7):e0158765
Hynes RO (2002) Integrins: bidirectional, allosteric signaling machines. Cell 110(6):673–687
Kriz W, Lemley KV (2015) A potential role for mechanical forces in the detachment of podocytes and the progression of CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 26(2):258–269
Morath C, Wei C, Macher-Goeppinger S, Schwenger V, Zeier M, Reiser J (2013) Management of severe recurrent focal segmental glomerulosclerosis through circulating soluble urokinase receptor modification. Am J Ther 20(2):226–229
Musetti C, Quaglia M, Cena T, Chiocchetti A, Monti S, Clemente N, Magnani C, Dianzani U, Stratta P (2015) Circulating suPAR levels are affected by glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria in primary and secondary glomerulonephritis. J Nephrol 28(3):299–305
Nebuloni M, Zawada L, Ferri A, Tosoni A, Zerbi P, Resnati M, Poli G, Genovese L, Alfano M (2013) HIV-1 infected lymphoid organs upregulate expression and release of the cleaved form of uPAR that modulates chemotaxis and virus expression. PLoS One 8(7):e70606
Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, Greene T, Hebert LA, Hunsicker LG, King AJ, Klahr S, Massry SG, Seifter JL (1995) Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med 123(10):754–762
Schenk H, Müller-Deile J, Schmitt R, Bräsen JH, Haller H, Schiffer M (2017) Removal of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) factor suPAR using CytoSorb. J Clin Apher
Schulz CA, Persson M, Christensson A, Hindy G, Almgren P, Nilsson PM, Melander O, Engström G, Orho-Melander M (2017) Soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and impaired kidney function in the population-based Malmö diet and cancer study. Kidney Int Rep 2(2):239–247
Spinale JM, Mariani LH, Kapoor S, Zhang J, Weyant R, Song PX, Wong HN, Troost JP, Gadegbeku CA, Gipson DS, Kretzler M, Nihalani D, Holzman LB, Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (2015) A reassessment of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in glomerular disease. Kidney Int 87(3):564–574
Staeck O, Slowinski T, Lieker I, Wu K, Rudolph B, Schmidt D, Brakemeier S, Neumayer HH, Wei C, Reiser J, Budde K, Halleck F, Khadzhynov D (2015) Recurrent primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis managed with intensified plasma exchange and concomitant monitoring of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor-mediated podocyte β3-integrin activation. Transplantation 99(12):2593–2597
Thunø M, Macho B, Eugen-Olsen J (2009) suPAR: the molecular crystal ball. Dis Markers 27(3):157–172
Wei C, Möller CC, Altintas MM, Li J, Schwarz K, Zacchigna S, Xie L, Henger A, Schmid H, Rastaldi MP, Cowan P, Kretzler M, Parrilla R, Bendayan M, Gupta V, Nikolic B, Kalluri R, Carmeliet P, Mundel P, Reiser J (2008) Modification of kidney barrier function by the urokinase receptor. Nat Med 14(1):55–63
Wei C, El Hindi S, Li J, Fornoni A, Goes N, Sageshima J, Maiguel D, Karumanchi SA, Yap HK, Saleem M, Zhang Q, Nikolic B, Chaudhuri A, Daftarian P, Salido E, Torres A, Salifu M, Sarwal MM, Schaefer F, Morath C, Schwenger V, Zeier M, Gupta V, Roth D, Rastaldi MP, Burke G, Ruiz P, Reiser J (2011) Circulating urokinase receptor as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Nat Med 17(8):952–960
Wei C, Trachtman H, Li J, Dong C, Friedman AL, Gassman JJ, JL MM, Radeva M, Heil KM, Trautmann A, Anarat A, Emre S, Ghiggeri GM, Ozaltin F, Haffner D, Gipson DS, Kaskel F, Fischer DC, Schaefer F, Reiser J, PodoNet and FSGS CT Study Consortia (2012) Circulating suPAR in two cohorts of primary FSGS. J Am Soc Nephrol 23(12):2051–2059
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mehmet M Altintas (Rush University) on helping with the preparation of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
J.R. is co-founder and shareholder of TRISAQ, a biotechnology company that develops therapy targeting the urokinase receptor.
Additional information
This article is part of the special issue on Functional Anatomy of the Kidney in Health and Disease in Pflügers Archiv—European Journal of Physiology
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zeier, M., Reiser, J. suPAR and chronic kidney disease—a podocyte story. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 469, 1017–1020 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2026-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2026-7