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Clock genes and sleep

Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology volume 463, pages 3–14 (2012)Cite this article

Abstract

In most species—from cyanobacteria to humans—endogenous clocks have evolved that drive 24-h rhythms of behavior and physiology. In mammals, these circadian rhythms are regulated by a hierarchical network of cellular oscillators controlled by a set of clock genes organized in a system of interlocked transcriptional feedback loops. One of the most prominent outputs of the circadian system is the synchronization of the sleep–wake cycle with external (day-) time. Clock genes also have a strong impact on many other biological functions, such as memory formation, energy metabolism, and immunity. Remarkably, large overlaps exist between clock gene and sleep (loss) mediated effects on these processes. This review summarizes sleep clock gene interactions for these three phenomena, highlighting potential mediators linking sleep and/or clock function to physiological output in an attempt to better understand the complexity of diurnal adaptation and its consequences for health and disease.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Johanna Barclay for critical reading of the manuscript. H.O. is an Emmy Noether fellow of the German Research Foundation (DFG). A.S. is supported by the Max Planck Society (MPG).

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Affiliations

  1. Circadian Rhythms Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Dominic Landgraf, Anton Shostak & Henrik Oster

Authors
  1. Dominic Landgraf
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  2. Anton Shostak
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  3. Henrik Oster
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Henrik Oster.

Additional information

D. Landgraf and A. Shostak contributed equally to this work.

This article is published as part of the Special Issue on Sleep.

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Landgraf, D., Shostak, A. & Oster, H. Clock genes and sleep. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 463, 3–14 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-011-1003-9

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Keywords

  • Circadian clock
  • Clock genes
  • Sleep
  • Metabolism
  • Immunity
  • Memory