Abstract
This review presents the fascinating neurobiology underlying the development of the frog optic tectum, the brain structure where the two separate inputs from the two eye are combined into a single, integrated map. In the species Xenopus laevis, binocular visual information has a dramatic impact on axon growth and connectivity, and the formation of binocular connections in this system provides a rich basis for both theoretical and experimental investigations.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- ACh:
-
Acetylcholine
- EPSC:
-
Excitatory postsynaptic current
- GABA:
-
Gamma-aminobutyric acid
- NMDA:
-
N-Methyl-D-aspartate
- STDP:
-
Spike timing dependent plasticity
References
Albuquerque EX, Alkondon M, Pereira EF, Castro NG, Schrattenholz A, Barbosa CT, Bonfante-Cabarcas R, Aracava Y, Eisenberg HM and Maelicke A (1997). Properties of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: pharmacological characterization and modulation of synaptic function. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280: 1117–1136
Allaerts W, De Vente J, Markerink-Van Ittersum M, Tuinhof R and Roubos EW (1998). Topographical relationship between neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate accumulation in the brain of the adult Xenopus laevis. J Chem Neuroanat 15: 41–56
Bandarchi J, Scherer WJ and Udin SB (1994). Acceleration by NMDA treatment of visually induced map reorganization in juvenile Xenopus after larval eye rotation. J Neurobiol 25: 451–460
Bi GQ and Rubin J (2005). Timing in synaptic plasticity: from detection to integration. Trends Neurosci 28: 222–228
Braisted JE, McLaughlin T, Wang HU, Friedman GC, Anderson DJ and O’Leary DD (1997). Graded and lamina-specific distributions of ligands of EphB receptor tyrosine kinases in the developing retinotectal system. Dev Biol 191: 14–28
Chung S-H, Bliss TVP and Keating MJ (1974). The synaptic organization of optic afferents in the amphibian tectum. Proc R Soc Lond B 187: 421–447
Contestabile A (1976). Comparative survey on enzyme localization, ultrastructural arrangement and functional organization in the optic tectum of non-mammalian vertebrates. Experientia 32: 1223–1229
Dudkin EA and Gruberg ER (2003). Nucleus isthmi enhances calcium influx into optic nerve fiber terminals in Rana pipiens. Brain Res 969: 44–52
Edwards JA and Cline HT (1999). Light-induced calcium influx into retinal axons is regulated by presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activity in vivo. J Neurophysiol 81: 895–907
Gaze RM and Keating MJ (1970). Receptive field properties of single units from the visual projection to the ipsilateral tectum in the frog. Q J Exp Physiol 55: 143–152
Gaze RM, Keating MJ, Székely G and Beazley L (1970). Binocular interaction in the formation of specific intertectal neuronal connexions. Proc R Soc Lond B 175: 107–147
Grant S and Keating MJ (1992). Changing patterns of binocular visual connections in the intertectal system during development of the frog, Xenopus laevis. III. Modifications following early eye rotation. Exp Brain Res 89: 383–396
Gruberg ER and Udin SB (1978). Topographic projections between the nucleus isthmi and the tectum of the frog Rana pipiens. J Comp Neurol 179: 487–500
Guo Y and Udin SB (2000). The development of abnormal axon trajectories after rotation of one eye in Xenopus. J Neurosci 20: 4189–4197
Hu B, Nikolakopoulou AM and Cohen-Cory S (2005). BDNF stabilizes synapses and maintains the structural complexity of optic axons in vivo. Development 132(19): 4285–4298
Keating MJ and Kennard C (1987). Visual experience and the maturation of the ipsilateral visuotectal projection in Xenopus laevis. Neurosci 21: 519–527
Lin SY and Constantine-Paton M (1998). Suppression of sprouting: an early function of NMDA receptors in the absence of AMPA/kainate receptor activity. J Neurosci 18: 3725–3737
Mann F, Ray S, Harris W and Holt C (2002). Topographic mapping in dorsoventral axis of the Xenopus retinotectal system depends on signaling through ephrin-B ligands. Neuron 35: 461–473
Markram H, Lubke J, Frotscher M and Sakmann B (1997). Regulation of synaptic efficacy by coincidence of postsynaptic APs and EPSPs. Science 275: 213–215
Papke RL, Bencherif M and Lippiello P (1996). An evaluation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation by quaternary nitrogen compounds indicates that choline is selective for the alpha 7 subtype. Neurosci Lett 213: 201–204
Renteria RC and Constantine-Paton M (1999). Nitric oxide in the retinotectal system: a signal but not a retrograde messenger during map refinement and segregation. J Neurosci 19: 7066–7076
Rubin JE, Gerkin RC, Bi GQ and Chow CC (2005). Calcium time course as a signal for spike-timing-dependent plasticity. J Neurophysiol 93: 2600–2613
Rybicka KK and Udin SB (2005). Connections of isthmotectal axons and GABA-immunoreactive neurons in Xenopus tectum: an ultrastructural study. Vis Neurosci 22: 305–315
Sargent PB, Pike SH, Nadel DB and Lindstrom JM (1989). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-like molecules in the retina, retinotectal pathway, and optic tectum of the frog. J Neurosci 9: 565–573
Sawtell NB, Frenkel MY, Philpot BD, Nakazawa K, Tonegawa S and Bear MF (2003). NMDA receptor-dependent ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. Neuron 38: 977–985
Scherer WJ and Udin SB (1989). phN-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists prevent interaction of binocular maps in Xenopus tectum. J Neurosci 9: 3837–3843
Scherer WJ and Udin SB (1991). Latency and temporal overlap of visually-elicited contralateral and ipsilateral firing in Xenopus tectum during and after the critical period. Dev Brain Res 58: 129–132
Schmidt JT, Fleming MR and Leu B (2004). Presynaptic protein kinase C controls maturation and branch dynamics of developing retinotectal arbors: possible role in activity-driven sharpening. J Neurobiol 58: 328–340
Titmus MJ, Lima R, Tsai H-J and Udin SB (1999). Effects of choline and other nicotinic agonists on the tectum of juvenile and adult Xenopus frogs: a patch-clamp study. Neuroscience 91: 753–769
Turrigiano GG and Nelson SB (2004). Homeostatic plasticity in the developing nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 5: 97–107
Udin SB and Fisher MD (1985). The development of the nucleus isthmi in Xenopus laevis: I. Cell genesis and formation of connections with the tecta. J Comp Neurol 232: 25–35
Udin SB and Grant S (1999). Plasticity in the tectum of Xenopus laevis: binocular maps. Prog Neurobiol 59: 81–106
Udin SB and Scherer WJ (1990). Restoration of the plasticity of binocular maps by NMDA after the critical period in Xenopus. Science 249: 669–672
Udin SB, Fisher MD and Norden JJ (1992). Isthmotectal axons make ectopic synapses in monocular regions of the tectum in developing Xenopus laevis frogs. J Comp Neurol 322: 461–470
Wu G, Malinow R and Cline HT (1996). Maturation of a central glutamatergic synapse. Science 274: 972–976
Yamamura HI and Snyder SH (1972). Choline: high-affinity uptake by rat brain synaptosomes. Science 178: 626–628
Yan X, Zhao B, Butt CM and Debski EA (2006). Nicotine exposure refines visual map topography through an NMDA receptor-mediated pathway. Eur J Neurosci 24: 3026–3042
Yoshii A, Sheng MH and Constantine-Paton M (2003). Eye opening induces a rapid dendritic localization of PSD-95 in central visual neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 1334–1339
Zhang LI, Tao HW, Holt CE, Harris WA and Poo M-m (1998). A critical window for cooperation and competition among developing retinotectal synapses. Nature 395: 37–44
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Udin, S.B. The instructive role of binocular vision in the Xenopus tectum. Biol Cybern 97, 493–503 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-007-0188-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00422-007-0188-7