Abstract
Rinsing the mouth with a carbohydrate (CHO) solution has been shown to enhance exercise performance while reducing neuromuscular fatigue. This effect is thought to be mediated through the stimulation of oral receptors, which activate brain areas associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Consequently, corticomotor responsiveness is increased, leading to sustained levels of neuromuscular activity prior to fatigue. In the context of endurance performance, the evidence regarding the central involvement of mouth rinse (MR) in performance improvement is not conclusive. Peripheral mechanisms should not be disregarded, particularly considering factors such as low exercise volume, the participant's fasting state, and the frequency of rinsing. These factors may influence central activations. On the other hand, for strength-related activities, changes in motor evoked potential (MEP) and electromyography (EMG) have been observed, indicating increased corticospinal responsiveness and neuromuscular drive during isometric and isokinetic contractions in both fresh and fatigued muscles. However, it is important to note that in many studies, MEP data were not normalised, making it difficult to exclude peripheral contributions. Voluntary activation (VA), another central measure, often exhibits a lack of changes, mainly due to its high variability, particularly in fatigued muscles. Based on the evidence, MR can attenuate neuromuscular fatigue and improve endurance and strength performance via similar underlying mechanisms. However, the evidence supporting central contribution is weak due to the lack of neurophysiological measures, inaccurate data treatment (normalisation), limited generalisation between exercise modes, methodological biases (ignoring peripheral contribution), and high measurement variability.
Trial registration: PROSPERO ID: CRD42021261714.
Graphical abstract
The graphic depicts the main findings of the review and the benefits of MR on endurance and strength performance respectively. The figure also shows factors affecting MR response. TT Time trial, TTE Time to exhaustion, ISO-M Isometric contraction, ISO-K Isokinetic contraction, MR Mouth rinse
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Abbreviations
- CHO:
-
Carbohydrate
- CNS:
-
Central Nervous System
- EMG:
-
Electromyography
- FDI:
-
First Dorsal Interosseous
- iEMG:
-
Integrated Electromyography
- MALT:
-
Maltodextrin
- MEP:
-
Motor Evoked Potential
- MF:
-
Median Frequency
- MFCV:
-
Mean Fibre Conduction Velocity
- MVC:
-
Maximum Voluntary Contraction
- MR:
-
Mouth Rinse
- Mmax:
-
Maximum Compound Muscle Action Potential
- RMS:
-
Root Mean Square
- TMS:
-
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
- TT:
-
Time Trial
- TTE:
-
Time to Exhaustion
- VA:
-
Voluntary Activation
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AY and KTK conceived the idea and TSH wrote the initial draft. TSH and KTK researched the supporting evidences. All authors (TSH, KTK, VSS and AY) interpreted the results, edited, revised and approved the final version of the manuscript.
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Tan, S.H., Khong, T.K., Selvanayagam, V.S. et al. Central effects of mouth rinses on endurance and strength performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 124, 403–415 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05350-w