Abstract
Purpose
Klotho is a cytoprotective protein that increases during acute physiological stressors (e.g., exercise heat stress), although age-related declines in klotho may underlie cellular vulnerability to heat stress. The present study aimed to compare serum klotho in healthy older men and men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) or hypertension (HTN) during prolonged exercise in temperate or hot conditions.
Methods
We evaluated serum klotho in 12 healthy older men (mean [SD]; 59 years [4]), 10 men with HTN (60 years [4]), and 9 men with T2D (60 years [5]) before and after 180 min of moderate-intensity (fixed metabolic rate of 200 W/m2; ~ 3.4 METs) exercise and 60 min of recovery in temperate (wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) 16 °C) and hot (WBGT 32 °C) environments. Core temperature (rectal), heart rate (HR), and heart rate reserve (HRR) were measured continuously while klotho was measured at the end of baseline, exercise, and recovery.
Results
Total exercise duration was reduced during the hot condition in older men with HTN and T2D than healthy older men (both p ≤ 0.049), despite similar core temperatures, HR, and HRR. Klotho was higher than rest following exercise in the heat in healthy older men (+ 191 pg/mL [189]; p < 0.001) and responses were greater (p = 0.036) than men with HTN (+ 118 pg/mL [49]; p = 0.030), although klotho did not increase in men with T2D (+ 4 pg/mL [71]; p ≥ 0.638).
Conclusion
Given klotho’s role in cytoprotection, older men with HTN and especially T2D may be at increased cellular vulnerability to prolonged exercise or physically demanding exercise in the heat.
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Data availability
Data are available on request from the corresponding author.
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of variance
- ELISA:
-
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- HRR:
-
Heart rate reserve
- HTN:
-
Hypertension
- MET:
-
Metabolic equivalent of task
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RH:
-
Relative humidity
- SD:
-
Standard deviation
- T2D:
-
Type 2 diabetes
- WBGT:
-
Wet bulb globe temperature
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Acknowledgements
We thank all members from the Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit for their assistance with data collection.
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Project supported by the Ontario Ministry of Labour (16-R-036; funds held by G.P.K.).
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GPK, SRN, PB, NF, and TA conceptualized and designed the research; KEK and JJM performed data collection and blood analysis; KEK performed statistical analysis and prepared figures; KEK and JJM drafted the manuscript; All authors interpreted the results; all authors edited, revised, and approved the final version.
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King, K.E., McCormick, J.J., Notley, S.R. et al. Serum klotho concentrations in older men with hypertension or type 2 diabetes during prolonged exercise in temperate and hot conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 123, 1519–1527 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05171-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05171-x