Abstract
Purpose
In adults, low-load resistance training with blood flow occlusion (BFO) mimics strength increases that occur from high-load training, without the need to experience high mechanical stress. In view of child–adult differences in exercise responses, this study examined whether BFO during exercise elicits differential changes in maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and electromyographical (EMG) activity in children and adults.
Methods
Sixteen men (24.4 ± 2.5 years) and 14 boys (10.7 ± 2.0 years) performed low-load resistance exercise (25 repetitions at 35% MVC) of the wrist flexors with and without BFO. MVC wrist flexor force and EMG activity of the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) were obtained at the beginning and end of the exercise.
Results
Both groups demonstrated a larger decrease in MVC force following BFO (− 18.6 ± 12.5%) than the control (without BFO) condition (− 6.2 ± 15.0%; p < 0.001). Whereas the men’s EMG amplitude increased 16.3 ± 20.5% (p = 0.005) during BFO, the boys’ EMG amplitude did not change over time or between conditions. In both groups, the mean power frequency (MPF) of the EMG signal decreased more during BFO (− 20.1 ± 9.6%; p < 0.001) than the control condition (− 5.6 ± 9.7%; p = 0.002).
Conclusions
Low-load exercise with BFO resulted in similar neuromuscular responses between boys and men, except for an observed increase in the EMG amplitude in men but not boys. While this result might suggest that men relied on a greater activation of higher-threshold motor units during BFO, it does not explain why there were similar decreases in MPF between groups. Therefore, it remains unclear whether the effectiveness of BFO training is similar for children and adults.
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Abbreviations
- BFO:
-
Blood flow occlusion
- EMG:
-
Electromyography
- MPF:
-
Mean power frequency
- MVC:
-
Maximal volitional contraction
- RE:
-
Resistance exercise
- RMS:
-
Root mean square
- RPE:
-
Rating of perceived exertion
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank all participants for their hard work and dedication, as well as the parents or guardians for bringing the boys and making it all possible. We also thank Raffy Dotan for designing and building the isometric wrist flexion dynamometer, without which this study would not have been possible.
Funding
The study was supported by a Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Grant to CDT (RGPIN 2019-05851).
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AB, BF, DG and CT participated in the study’s design. AB and CA performed the testing. AB, BF and CT analyzed the data. AB, BF, DG, and CT interpreted the results. AB, BF, and CT drafted the manuscript. All authors edited and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of manuscript.
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Communicated by Toshio Moritani.
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Bax, A.M., Amiaka, C.O., Falk, B. et al. The effect of acute low-load resistance exercise with the addition of blood flow occlusion on muscle function in boys and men. Eur J Appl Physiol 121, 2177–2185 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04687-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04687-4