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Acute low-intensity cycling with blood-flow restriction has no effect on metabolic signaling in human skeletal muscle compared to traditional exercise

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Abstract

Purpose

Autophagy is an intracellular degradative system sensitive to hypoxia and exercise-induced perturbations to cellular bioenergetics. We determined the effects of low-intensity endurance-based exercise performed with blood-flow restriction (BFR) on cell signaling adaptive responses regulating autophagy and substrate metabolism in human skeletal muscle.

Methods

In a randomized cross-over design, nine young, healthy but physically inactive males completed three experimental trials separated by 1 week of recovery consisting of either a resistance exercise bout (REX: 4 × 10 leg press repetitions, 70% 1-RM), endurance exercise (END: 30 min cycling, 70% VO2peak), or low-intensity cycling with BFR (15 min, 40% VO2peak). A resting muscle biopsy was obtained from the vastus lateralis 2 weeks prior to the first exercise trial and 3 h after each exercise bout.

Results

END increased ULK1Ser757 phosphorylation above rest and BFR (~37 to 51%, P < 0.05). Following REX, there were significant elevations compared to rest (~348%) and BFR (~973%) for p38γ MAPKThr180/Tyr182 phosphorylation (P < 0.05). Parkin content was lower following BFR cycling compared to REX (~20%, P < 0.05). There were no exercise-induced changes in select markers of autophagy following BFR. Genes implicated in substrate metabolism (HK2 and PDK4) were increased above rest (~143 to 338%) and BFR cycling (~212 to 517%) with END (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

A single bout of low-intensity cycling with BFR is insufficient to induce intracellular “stress” responses (e.g., high rates of substrate turnover and local hypoxia) necessary to activate skeletal muscle autophagy signaling.

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Abbreviations

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

Atg:

Autophagy-related gene

BFR:

Blood-flow restriction

BM:

Body mass

BNIP3:

Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa-interacting protein-3

eIF2α:

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2α

eIF2Bε:

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2Bε

END:

Endurance exercise

ERK1/2:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2

ES:

Effect size

GLUT4:

Glucose transporter 4

GS:

Glycogen synthase

GSK3β:

Glycogen synthase kinase 3β

HK:

Hexokinase

LC3b:

Microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 beta

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

mTORC1:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1

PDK4:

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4

PGC-1α:

PPARγ-coactivator-1α

REX:

Resistance exercise

RM:

Repetition maximum

SQSTM1:

p62/sequestosome-1

ULK1:

Unc-51-like kinase 1

VO2peak :

Peak oxygen uptake

W:

Watts

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by an ACU Collaborative Research Network Grant to JAH (2013000443). The authors would also like to express gratitude for the FAPESP (2014/00985-0) and FAEPEX for financial support.

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Communicated by Carsten Lundby.

W. J. Smiles and M. S. Conceição contributed equally to this work.

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Smiles, W.J., Conceição, M.S., Telles, G.D. et al. Acute low-intensity cycling with blood-flow restriction has no effect on metabolic signaling in human skeletal muscle compared to traditional exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 117, 345–358 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3530-8

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