Abstract
Purpose
Rigorous exercise is known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflict inflammatory response. The present study investigated whether dietary supplementation of avenanthramides (AVA) in oats would increase antioxidant protection and reduce inflammation in humans after an acute bout of eccentric exercise.
Methods
Young women (age 18–30 years, N = 16) were randomly divided into two groups in a double-blinded fashion, receiving two cookies made of oat flour providing 9.2 mg AVA (AVA) or 0.4 mg AVA (Control, C) each day for 8 weeks. Before and after the dietary regimen each group of subjects ran downhill (DR) on a treadmill at −9 % grade for 1 h at a speed to elicit 75 % of maximal heart rate. Blood samples were collected at rest, immediately and 24 h post-DR.
Results
Before dietary supplementation plasma creatine kinase activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentration were increased immediately after DR (P < 0.05), whereas neutrophil respiratory burst (NRB) was elevated 24 h post-DR (P < 0.05). CK and TNF-α response to DR was abolished during post-supplementation tests in both AVA and C groups, whereas NRB was blunted only in AVA but not in C. Plasma interleukin-6 level and mononuclear cell nuclear factor (NF) κB activity were not affected by DR either before or after dietary supplementation, but were lowered 24 h post-DR in AVA versus C (P < 0.05). Both groups increased plasma total antioxidant activity following 8-week dietary regimen (P < 0.05), whereas only AVA group increased resting plasma glutathione (GSH) concentration (P < 0.05), decreased glutathione disulfide response to DR, and lowered erythrocyte GSH peroxidase activity (P < 0.05).
Conclusions
Our data of pre- and post-supplementation difference reflect an interaction between repeated measure effect of eccentric exercise and AVA in diet. Long-term AVA supplementation can attenuate blood inflammation markers, decrease ROS generation and NFkB activation, and increased antioxidant capacity during an eccentric exercise bout.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- AVA:
-
Avenanthramides
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CK:
-
Ceatine kinase
- CRP:
-
C-reactive protein
- DR:
-
Downhill running
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GSSG:
-
Glutathione disulfide
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- (NF) κB:
-
Nuclear factor-kappaB
- NRB:
-
Neutrophil respiratory burst
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TAC:
-
Total antioxidant capacity
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
References
Benbarek H, Deby-Dupont G, Deby C, Caudron I, Mathy-Hartert M, Lamy M, Serteyn D (1996) Experimental model for the study by chemiluminescence of the activation of isolated equine leucocytes. Res Vet Sci 61:59–64
Bruunsgaard H, Galbo H, Halkjaer-Kristensen J, Johansen TL, MacLean DA, Pedersen BK (1997) Exercise-induced increase in serum interleukin-6 in humans is related to muscle damage. J Physiol 99:833–841
Chen CY, Milbury PE, Kwak HK, Collins FW, Samuel P, Blumberg JB (2004) Avenanthramides and phenolic acids from oats are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamin C to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. J Nutr 143:1459–1466
Chen CY, Milbury PE, Collins FW, Blumberg JB (2007) Avenanthramides are bioavailable and have antioxidant activity in humans after acute consumption of an enriched mixture from oats. J Nutr 137:1375–1382
Collins FW (1989) Oat phenolics: avenanthramides, novel substituted N-cinnamoylanthranilate alkaloids from oat groats and hulls. J Agric Food Chem 37:60–66
Costelli P, Carbó N, Tessitore L, Bagby GJ, Lopez-Soriano FJ, Argilés JM, Baccino FM (1993) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediates changes in tissue protein turnover in a rat cancer cachexia model. J Clin Invest 92:2783–2789
Dimberg LH, Sunnerheim K, Sundberg B, Walsh K (2001) Stability of oat avenanthramides. Cereal Chem 78:278–281
Flohe L, Gunzler WA (1984) Assays of glutathione peroxidase. Methods Enzymol 105:114–121
Frey RS, Rahman A, Kefer JC, Minshall RD, Malik AB (2002) PKCzeta regulates TNF-alpha-induced activation of NADPH oxidase in endothelial cells. Circ Res 90:1012–1019
Goldfarb AH, Garten RS, Cho C, Chee PD, Chambers LA (2011) Effects of a fruit/berry/vegetable supplement on muscle function and oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc 43:501–508
Gomez-Cabrera MC, Domenech E, Romagnoli M, Arduini A, Borras C, Pallardo FV, Sastre J, Viña J (2008) Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr 87:142–149
Guo W, Wise ML, Collins FW, Meydani M (2008) Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, inhibit IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation in endothelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 44:415–429
Hamada K, Vannier E, Sacheck JM, Witsell AL, Roubenoff R (2005) Senescence of human skeletal muscle impairs the local inflammatory cytokine response to acute eccentric exercise. FASEB J 19:264–266
Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J, Suzuki K (2004) Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev 10:75–90
Isaji M, Miyata H, Ajisawa Y, Yoshimura N (1998) Inhibition by tranilast of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vascular permeability factor (VPF)-induced increase in vascular permeability in rats. Life Sci 63:PL71–PL74
Ji LL, Fu R (1992) Responses of glutathione system and antioxidant enzymes to exhaustive exercise and hydroperoxide. J Appl Physiol 72:549–554
Ji LL, Lay D, Chung E, Fu Y, Parkin K, Peterson DM (2003) Effects of avenanthramides on oxidant and antioxidant status in exercised rats. Nutr Res 23:1579–1590
Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Vina J (2009) Role of antioxidants in muscle health and pathology. Infectious disorders special issue. Infect Disord Drug Targets 9:428–444
Koenig R, Dickman JR, Ji LL (2011) Avenanthramides are bioavailable and accumulate in hepatic, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue following oral gavage in rats. J Agr Food Chem 59:6438–6443
Koenig R, Dickman JR, Kang C, Zhang T, Chu Y-F, Ji LL (2014) Avenanthramide supplementation attenuates exercise-induced inflammation in postmenopausal women. Nutr J 13:21–31
Li YP, Atkins CM, Sweatt JD, Reid MB (1999) Mitochondria mediate tumor necrosis factor-alpha/NF-kappaB signaling in skeletal muscle myotubes. Antioxid Redox Signal 1:97–104
Li JM, Fan LM, Christie MR, Shah AM (2005) Acute tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling via NADPH oxidase in microvascular endothelial cells: role of p47phox phosphorylation and binding to TRAF4. Mol Cell Biol 25:2320–2330
Liao P, Zhou J, Ji LL, Zhang Y (2010) Eccentric contraction induces inflammatory responses in rat skeletal muscle: role of tumor necrosis factor-α. Am J Physiol Regul Integr 298:R599–R607
Liu L, Zubik L, Collins FW, Marko M, Meydani M (2004) The antiatherogenic potential of oat phenolic compounds. Atherosclerosis 175:39–49
Nie L, Wise ML, Peterson DM, Meydani M (2006a) Avenanthramide, a polyphenol from oats, inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and enhances nitric oxide production. Atherosclerosis 186:260–266
Nie L, Wise M, Peterson D, Meydani M (2006b) Mechanism by which avenanthramide-c, a polyphenol of oats, blocks cell cycle progression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 41:702–708
Nieman DC, Henson DA, Smith LL, Utter AC, Vinci DM, Davis JM, Kaminsky DE, Shute M (2001) Cytokine changes after a marathon race. J Appl Physiol 91:109–114
Pedersen BK, Steensber A, Schjerling P (2001) Muscle-derived interleukin-6: possible biological effects. J Physiol 536:329–337
Peterson DM, Hahn MJ, Emmons CL (2002) Oat avenanthramides exhibit antioxidant activities in vitro. Food Chem 79:473–478
Proske U, Allen TJ (2005) Damage to skeletal muscle from eccentric exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 333:98–104
Rahman I, Antonicelli F, MacNee W (1999) Molecular mechanism of the regulation of glutathione synthesis by tumor necrosis factor-α and dexamethasone in human alveolar epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 274:5088–5096
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice-Evans C (1999) Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med 26:1231–1237
Ristow M, Zarse K, Oberbach A, Klöting N, Birringer M, Kiehntopf M, Stumvoll M, Kahn CR, Blüher M (2009) Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:8665–8670
Sun M, Zigman S (1978) An improved spectrophotometric assay for superoxide dismutase based on epinephrine autoxidation. Anal Biochem 90:81–89
Sur R, Nigam A, Grote D, Liebel F, Southall MD (2008) Avenanthramides, polyphenols from oats, exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-itch activity. Arch Dermatol Res 300:569–574
Tanzer ML, Gilvarg C (1959) Creatine and creatine kinase measurement. J Biol Chem 234:3201–3204
Tilg H, Trehu E, Atkins MB, Dinarello CA, Mier JW (1994) Interleukin-6 (IL-6) as an anti-inflammatory cytokine: induction of circulating IL-1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor p55. Blood 83:113–118
Zembron-Lacny A, Naczk M, Gajewski M, Ostapiuk-Karolczuk J, Dziewiecka H, Kasperska A, Szyszka K (2010) Changes of muscle-derived cytokines in relation to thiol redox status and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Physiol Res 59:945–951
Acknowledgments
R.K. and L.L.J. designed research; R.K., J.R.D. and C.K. conducted research; R.K. analyzed data; R.K., C.K., Y.C., and L.L.J. wrote the paper; T.O.Z. formatted the paper; L.L.J. had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. This research was supported by a grant from the University of Wisconsin Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by Fabio Fischetti.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Koenig, R.T., Dickman, J.R., Kang, CH. et al. Avenanthramide supplementation attenuates eccentric exercise-inflicted blood inflammatory markers in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 116, 67–76 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3244-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3244-3