Abstract
Purpose
Our purpose was to characterize the oxygen uptake (\(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\)) kinetics, assess the energy systems contributions and determine the energy cost when swimming front crawl at extreme intensity. Complementarily, we compared swimming full body with upper body only.
Methods
Seventeen swimmers performed a 100 m maximal front crawl in two conditions: once swimming with full body and other using only the upper propulsive segments. The \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\) was continuously measured using a telemetric portable gas analyser (connected to a respiratory snorkel), and the capillary blood samples for lactate concentration analysis were collected.
Results
A sudden increase in \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\) in the beginning of exercise, which continuously rose until the end of the bout (time: 63.82 ± 3.38 s; \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{peak}}}}\): 56.07 ± 5.19 ml min−1 kg−1; \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\) amplitude: 41.88 ± 4.74 ml min−1 kg−1; time constant: 12.73 ± 3.09 s), was observed. Aerobic, anaerobic lactic and alactic pathways were estimated and accounted for 43.4, 33.1 and 23.5 % of energy contribution and 1.16 ± 0.10 kJ m−1 was the energy cost. Complementarily, the absence of lower limbs lead to a longer time to cover 100 m (71.96 ± 5.13 s), slower \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\) kinetics, lower aerobic and anaerobic (lactic and alactic) energy production and lower energy cost.
Conclusion
Despite the short duration of the event, the aerobic energy contribution covers about 50 % of total metabolic energy liberation, highlighting that both aerobic and anaerobic energy processes should be developed to improve the 100 m swimming performance. Lower limbs action provided an important contribution in the energy availability in working muscles being advised its full use in this short duration and very high-intensity event.
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Abbreviations
- A:
-
Oxygen uptake amplitude
- AnAl:
-
Anaerobic alactic
- AnL:
-
Anaerobic lactic
- β :
-
Energy equivalent for blood lactate accumulation
- M :
-
Mass of the subject
- min:
-
Minutes
- PCr:
-
Phosphocreatine concentration
- s:
-
Seconds
- S full :
-
Swimming full body
- S upper :
-
Swimming upper body
- t :
-
Time
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\) :
-
Oxygen uptake
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{b}}}}\) :
-
Basal oxygen uptake
- \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{ 2 {\text{max}}}}\) :
-
Maximal oxygen uptake
- \(\dot{V}O_{\text{peak}}\) :
-
Peak oxygen uptake
- τ :
-
Time constant
- [La−]:
-
Lactate concentration
- [La−]max :
-
Maximal lactate concentration
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Acknowledgments
This investigation was supported by grants of Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation: PTDC/DES/101224/2008 (FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-009577) and SFRH/BD/81337/2011.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical standard
The experiments were approved by the local ethics committee, and performed according to the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Communicated by David C. Poole.
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Ribeiro, J., Figueiredo, P., Sousa, A. et al. \(\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{ 2}\) kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 115, 1117–1124 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3093-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3093-5