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Early-phase musculoskeletal adaptations to different levels of eccentric resistance after 8 weeks of lower body training

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European Journal of Applied Physiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

Eccentric muscle actions are important to the development of muscle mass and strength and may affect bone mineral density (BMD). This study’s purpose was to determine the relative effectiveness of five different eccentric:concentric load ratios to increase musculoskeletal parameters during early adaptations to resistance training.

Methods

Forty male subjects performed a supine leg press and calf press training program 3 days week−1 for 8 weeks. Subjects were matched for pre-training leg press 1-repetition maximum strength (1-RM) and randomly assigned to one of five training groups. Concentric training load (% 1-RM) was constant across groups, but within groups, eccentric load was 0, 33, 66, 100, or 138 % of concentric load. Muscle mass (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; DXA), strength (1-RM), and BMD (DXA) were measured pre- and post-training. Markers of bone metabolism were assessed pre-, mid- and post-training.

Results

The increase in leg press 1-RM in the 138 % group (20 ± 4 %) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the 0 % (8 ± 3 %), 33 % (8 ± 5 %) and 66 % (8 ± 4 %) groups, but not the 100 % group (13 ± 6 %; P = 0.15). All groups, except the 0 % group, increased calf press 1-RM (P < 0.05). Leg lean mass and greater trochanter BMD were increased only in the 138 % group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Early-phase adaptations to eccentric overload training include increases in muscle mass and site-specific increases in BMD and muscle strength which are not present or are less with traditional and eccentric underload training. Eccentric overload provides a robust musculoskeletal stimulus that may benefit bedridden patients, individuals recovering from injury or illness, and astronauts during spaceflight.

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Abbreviations

1-RM:

One-repetition maximum

ARED:

Advanced Resistive Exercise Device

BMD:

Bone mineral density

CSA:

Cross-sectional area

DXA:

Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

iRED:

interim Resistive Exercise Device

ISS:

International Space Station

JSC:

Johnson Space Center

LLM:

Leg lean mass

NASA:

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

pQCT:

Peripheral quantitative computed tomography

WBLM:

Whole body lean mass

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the subjects for their participation in this training study; Karen Paulder, Sydney Stein, and Leah Stroud for their assistance with exercise training and data collection; Mary Jane Maddocks of the NASA JSC Bone and Mineral Laboratory for acquisition and analysis of DXA scans; the NASA JSC Nutritional Biochemistry Laboratory for the collection and analysis of blood and urine samples; Dr. Mitzi Laughlin for statistical analysis; Drs. Brian Arenare, Todd Schlegel, and Linda Shackelford for medical monitoring; the NASA JSC Human Test Subject Facility for test subject recruitment; Jackie Reeves and Dr. Meghan Downs for editorial and technical review of the manuscript; and Linda Loerch, Dr. Jennifer Tuxhorn, and Dr. Clarence Sams for their programmatic support of this research. Finally, we will always be grateful for the mentoring, support, and friendship of our NASA JSC Exercise Physiology Laboratory lead, the late Dr. R. Donald Hagan.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical standards

The experiments described herein were conducted in compliance with the laws of the United States of America.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. JES Tech, LLC, 16870 Royal Crest Dr., Houston, TX, 77058, USA

    Kirk L. English

  2. Wyle Science, Technology, and Engineering Group, Houston, TX, USA

    James A. Loehr & Stuart M. C. Lee

  3. NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA

    Scott M. Smith

Authors
  1. Kirk L. English
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  2. James A. Loehr
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  3. Stuart M. C. Lee
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  4. Scott M. Smith
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kirk L. English.

Additional information

Communicated by William J. Kraemer.

The authors, K. L. English and J. A. Loehr, contributed equally to this work.

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English, K.L., Loehr, J.A., Lee, S.M.C. et al. Early-phase musculoskeletal adaptations to different levels of eccentric resistance after 8 weeks of lower body training. Eur J Appl Physiol 114, 2263–2280 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2951-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2951-5

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