Abstract
Sporting compression garments (CG) are used widely during exercise despite little evidence of benefits. The purpose of this study was to investigate coverage and pressure effects of full-body CG on cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function at rest and during prolonged exercise, and on exercise performance. Twelve recreationally trained male cyclists [mean (SD) age, 26 (7) years; \( \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max } \), 53 (8) mL kg−1 min−1] completed three sessions (counterbalanced order), wearing either correctly-sized CG (CSG; 11–15 mmHg), over-sized CG (OSG; 8–13 mmHg), or gym shorts (CONT). Test sessions were conducted in temperate conditions [24 (1)°C, 60 (4)% relative humidity; ~2 m s−1 air velocity during exercise], consisting of resting on a chair then on a cycle ergometer, before 60-min fixed-load cycling at ~65% \( \dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\max } \) and a 6-km time trial. Wearing CG (CSG or OSG) did not mitigate cardiovascular strain during mild orthostatic stress at rest (p = 0.20–0.93 for garment effects). During exercise, cardiac output was ~5% higher in the CG conditions (p < 0.05), which appears to be accounted for via non-significant higher end-exercise heart rate (~4–7%, p = 0.30; p = 0.06 for greater heart rate drift in CSG); other cardiovascular variables, including stroke volume, were similar among conditions (p = 0.23–0.91). Covered-skin temperature was higher in CG conditions (p < 0.001) but core (oesophageal) temperature was not (p = 0.79). Time-trial performance (mean power, time taken) was similar with or without CG (p = 0.24–0.44). In conclusion, any demonstrable physiological or psychophysical effects of full-body CG were mild and seemingly reflective more of surface coverage than pressure. No benefit was evident for exercise performance.
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Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Nigel Barrett, Dene Irvine, and Clare Nicholls for technical assistance, to Sport and Recreation New Zealand (specifically Richard Young) for supplying the garments, and to the participants for their commitment. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
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Communicated by Narihiko Kondo.
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MacRae, B.A., Laing, R.M., Niven, B.E. et al. Pressure and coverage effects of sporting compression garments on cardiovascular function, thermoregulatory function, and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 112, 1783–1795 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2146-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2146-2