Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that electromyogram (EMG) amplitude of the frowning muscles correlates with perception of effort during leg-extension exercise. However, during aerobic exercise the relationship between facial EMG and perception of effort has never been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether facial EMG reflects perception of effort also during constant-workload cycling. We investigated the effects of exercise duration and exercise intensity on facial EMG of the corrugator supercilii muscles, rating of perceived effort, heart rate, and blood lactate concentration. Twenty recreationally active male and female volunteers performed a constant-workload time to exhaustion test on a cycle ergometer. Participants were randomly allocated to the heavy-intensity [63 ± 3% peak power output (P peak)], or the severe-intensity (80 ± 5% P peak) group. The results show that facial EMG can differentiate between two exercise intensities during constant-workload cycling. The effects of exercise duration are inconclusive. Facial EMG increased over time in the severe-intensity group, but not in the heavy-intensity group. Future studies testing a wider range of exercise intensities are required to establish a correlation between facial EMG and exercise intensity during aerobic exercise, and further investigations are needed to establish why there is a discrepancy between facial EMG and perception of effort during lower-intensity aerobic exercise.
References
Amann M, Proctor LT, Sebranek JJ, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA (2009) Opioid-mediated muscle afferents inhibit central motor drive and limit peripheral muscle fatigue development in humans. J Physiol 587:271–283. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2008.163303
Borg GA (1998) Borg’s perceived exertion and pain scales. Human Kinetics, Champaign
Capa RL, Audiffren M, Ragot S (2008) The interactive effect of achievement motivation and task difficulty on mental effort. Int J Psychophysiol 70:144–150
Corbett J, Vance S, Lomax M, Barwood MJ (2009) Measurement frequency influences the rating of perceived exertion during sub-maximal treadmill running. Eur J Appl Physiol 106:311–313. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1041-6
de Morree HM, Marcora SM (2010) The face of effort: frowning muscle activity reflects effort during a physical task. Biol Psychol 85:377–382. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.08.009
Fridlund AJ, Cacioppo JT (1986) Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology 23:567–589
Garcin M, Vautier JF, Vandewalle H, Wolff M, Monod H (1998) Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during cycling exercises at constant power output. Ergonomics 41:1500–1509. doi:10.1080/001401398186234
Gerdle B, Karlsson S, Crenshaw AG, Friden J (1997) The relationships between EMG and muscle morphology throughout sustained static knee extension at two submaximal force levels. Acta Physiol Scand 160:341–351
Hamilton AL, Killian KJ, Summers E, Jones NL (1996) Quantification of intensity of sensations during muscular work by normal subjects. J Appl Physiol 81:1156–1161
Holm S (1979) A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand J Stat 6:65–70
Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB, Bradshaw JL, Armatas CA, Georgiou-Karistianis N (2004) Investigating the cortical origins of motor overflow. Brain Res Rev 46:315–327. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.013
Hunter SK, Critchlow A, Shin IS, Enoka RM (2004) Men are more fatigable than strength-matched women when performing intermittent submaximal contractions. J Appl Physiol 96:2125–2132
Kearon MC, Summers E, Jones NL, Campbell EJ, Killian KJ (1991) Effort and dyspnoea during work of varying intensity and duration. Eur Respir J 4:917–925
Marcora SM, Bosio A, de Morree HM (2008) Locomotor muscle fatigue increases cardiorespiratory responses and reduces performance during intense cycling exercise independently from metabolic stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294:R874–R883. doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00678.2007
Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V (2009) Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol 106:857–864. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008
Nakamura FY, Okuno NM, Perandini LAB, Caldeira LFS, Simões HG, Cardoso JR, Bishop DJ (2008) Critical power can be estimated from nonexhaustive tests based on rating of perceived exertion responses. J Strength Cond Res 22:937–943. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816a41fa
Noble B, Robertson R (1996) Perceived exertion. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL
O’Connor PJ, Cook DB (1999) Exercise and pain: the neurobiology, measurement, and laboratory study of pain in relation to exercise in humans. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 27:119–166
Pincivero DM, Gear WS (2000) Quadriceps activation and perceived exertion during a high intensity, steady state contraction to failure. Muscle Nerve 23:514–520
Pincivero DM, Coelho AJ, Campy RM (2004) Gender differences in perceived exertion during fatiguing knee extensions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:109–117
Rejeski WJ, Lowe CA (1980) Nonverbal expression of effort as causally relevant information. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 6:436–440. doi:10.1177/014616728063017
Silvestrini N, Gendolla GH (2009) Mood-regulative hedonic incentive interacts with mood and task difficulty to determine effort-related cardiovascular response and facial EMG. Biol Psychol 82:54–63
Skinner JS, Hutsler R, Bergsteinova V, Buskirk ER (1973) The validity and reliability of a rating scale of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports 5:94–96
Søgaard K, Gandevia SC, Todd G, Petersen NT, Taylor JL (2006) The effect of sustained low-intensity contractions on supraspinal fatigue in human elbow flexor muscles. J Physiol 573:511–523
Swank AM, Funk DC, Robertson RJ, Moore A, Steinel L, Manire JT (2005) Evaluation of anticipation bias for RPE during progressive exercise testing. Percept Mot Skills 100:841–850
Tassinary LG, Cacioppo JT, Vanman EJ (2007) The skeletomotor system: surface electromyography. In: Cacioppo JT, Tassinary LG, Berntson GG (eds) Handbook of psychophysiology, 3rd edn. University Press, Cambridge, pp 267–299
Taylor JL, Gandevia SC (2008) A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions. J Appl Physiol 104:542–550. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2007
van Boxtel A, Jessurun M (1993) Amplitude and bilateral coherency of facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity as an index of effort during a two-choice serial reaction task. Psychophysiology 30:589–604. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02085.x
Waterink W, van Boxtel A (1994) Facial and jaw-elevator EMG activity in relation to changes in performance level during a sustained information processing task. Biol Psychol 37:183–198
Wolf K, Raedler T, Henke K, Kiefer F, Mass R, Quante M, Wiedemann K (2005) The face of pain—a pilot study to validate the measurement of facial pain expression with an improved electromyogram method. Pain Res Manag 10:15–19
Young MA (1970) Anchoring and sequence effects for the category scaling of stuttering severity. J Speech Hear Res 13:360–368
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Lauren Mawn, Fabrizio De Rubeis, and Gordon Halton for their assistance during participant recruitment and data collection.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by David C. Poole.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
de Morree, H.M., Marcora, S.M. Frowning muscle activity and perception of effort during constant-workload cycling. Eur J Appl Physiol 112, 1967–1972 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2138-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2138-2