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Biological monitoring of exposure to solvents using the chemical itself in urine: application to toluene

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health volume 81, pages 273–284 (2008)Cite this article

Abstract

Objective

Biomonitoring of solvents using the unchanged substance in urine as exposure indicator is still relatively scarce due to some discrepancies between the results reported in the literature. Based on the assessment of toluene exposure, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of some steps likely to bias the results and to measure urinary toluene both in volunteers experimentally exposed and in workers of rotogravure factories.

Methods

Static headspace was used for toluene analysis. o-Cresol was also measured for comparison. Urine collection, storage and conservation conditions were studied to evaluate possible loss or contamination of toluene in controlled situations applied to six volunteers in an exposure chamber according to four scenarios with exposure at stable levels from 10 to 50 ppm. Kinetics of elimination of toluene were determined over 24 h. A field study was then carried out in a total of 29 workers from two rotogravure printing facilities.

Results

Potential contamination during urine collection in the field is confirmed to be a real problem but technical precautions for sampling, storage and analysis can be easily followed to control the situation. In the volunteers at rest, urinary toluene showed a rapid increase after 2 h with a steady level after about 3 h. At 47.1 ppm the mean cumulated excretion was about 0.005% of the amount of the toluene ventilated. Correlation between the toluene levels in air and in end of exposure urinary sample was excellent (r = 0.965). In the field study, the median personal exposure to toluene was 32 ppm (range 3.6–148). According to the correlations between environmental and biological monitoring data, the post-shift urinary toluene (r = 0.921) and o-cresol (r = 0.873) concentrations were, respectively, 75.6 μg/l and 0.76 mg/g creatinine for 50 ppm toluene personal exposure. The corresponding urinary toluene concentration before the next shift was 11 μg/l (r = 0.883).

Conclusion

Urinary toluene was shown once more time a very interesting surrogate to o-cresol and could be recommended as a biomarker of choice for solvent exposure.

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Acknowledgements

We express our thanks to the human volunteers and to the managerial and medical staff of the factories who participated in this study. Thanks are also due to Dr. Ruff and Ardiot for their medical assistance.

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Affiliations

  1. Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Avenue de Bourgogne, 54501, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France

    P. Ducos, J. M. Francin & C. Lefèvre

  2. Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Bugnon 19, 1005, Lausanne, Switzerland

    M. Berode & C. Arnoux

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  1. P. Ducos
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  2. M. Berode
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  3. J. M. Francin
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  4. C. Arnoux
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  5. C. Lefèvre
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Correspondence to P. Ducos.

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Ducos, P., Berode, M., Francin, J.M. et al. Biological monitoring of exposure to solvents using the chemical itself in urine: application to toluene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 81, 273–284 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0210-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-007-0210-3

Keywords

  • Biological monitoring
  • Toluene
  • Urine
  • Headspace
  • o-cresol