Abstract
Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the levels of 2,4-toluenediamine, 2,6-toluenediamine, 1,5-naphthtalenediamine and 4,4′-methylenediphenyldianiline in hydrolyzed urine and plasma for occupationally unexposed workers and to calculate upper reference limits (URLs). These analytes are biomarkers of exposure to 2,4-toluene diisocyanate and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI), 1,5-naphtalene diisocyanate (NDI) and 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), respectively. Methods: The biomarker levels were determined in urinary and plasma samples obtained from 121 occupationally unexposed workers. Based on these biomarkers levels and the biomarker levels in an occupationally exposed group of workers, URLs were calculated. The method used for these calculations was based on the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve method technique, and the URLs were set at the optimum of sum of sensitivity and specificity. Results: The URLs for the different diisocyanates were calculated to be in the range of 0.1–0.5 μg/L. Occupationally unexposed workers had detectable biomarker levels of the diisocyanates investigated. Especially abundant was the biomarkers of MDI which were found in 97% of both urinary and plasma samples. For the other biomarkers, 0–15% of the unexposed workers had detectable levels. The detected levels were mostly close to the limit of detection (LOD), but urinary levels of biomarkers of MDI up to 60 times the LOD were found. The sensitivities and specificities for classification of the workers as occupationally exposed or not, were in the range of 88–100% and 97–100%, respectively. Conclusions: The URLs were calculated that may be applicable when screening for occupational exposure. A worker with a biomarker level above the URL will be classified as occupationally exposed. Biomarkers of aromatic diisocyanates, especially biomarkers of MDI, were present among occupationally unexposed workers, but the source and nature of the exposure is unknown.
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Acknowledgement
Financial support for this work was obtained from AFA Foundation, Sweden, from the Swedish Council for Work Life and Social Research and from the Swedish Research Council. The authors also thank Prof. Ulf Strömberg at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund, Sweden, for statistical consultations, Dr. Christian Lindh, Mr. Christian Mattsson, Ms. Birgitta Björk, Ms. Cecilia Gustavsson, Ms. Inger Bensryd and Ms. Kerstin Diab-Kronholm at the Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund, Sweden, for skilful technical and medical assistance, and all the workers in the study for invaluable participation.
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Sennbro, C.J., Littorin, M., Tinnerberg, H. et al. Upper reference limits for biomarkers of exposure to aromatic diisocyanates. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 78, 541–546 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0619-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-005-0619-5