Abstract
The present paper deals with the specificities of the thermal response of rubber under cyclic mechanical loading at constant ambient temperature. This question is important, since the stabilized thermal response is used in fatigue life criteria, especially for the fast evaluation of fatigue life. For this purpose, entropic coupling in a thermo-hyperelastic framework is first used to predict the variation in the heat source produced or absorbed by the material during cyclic loading. The heat diffusion equation is then used to deduce temperature variations under adiabatic and non-adiabatic conditions. The influence of several parameters on the stabilized thermal response is studied: signal shape, frequency, minimum and maximum stretch levels, multiaxiality of the mechanical state. The results show that, in the steady-state regime, the mean value between the maximum and minimum temperature variations over a mechanical cycle is different from zero. This is due to the specific variation in the heat source, which depends on both the stretch rate and the stretch level. This result has numerous consequences, in particular for fatigue. Indeed, the stabilized mean value between the maximum and minimum temperature variations during fatigue tests does not reflect only fatigue damage, since the entropic coupling also leads to a value different from zero. This is a major difference with respect to materials exhibiting only isentropic coupling, such as metallic materials.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Mullins L.: Effect of stretching on the properties of rubber. Rubber Chem. Technol. 21, 281–300 (1948)
Marckmann G., Verron E., Gornet L., Chagnon G., Charrier P., Fort P.: A theory of network alteration for the Mullins effect. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50, 2011–2028 (2002)
Diani J., Fayolle B., Gilormini P.: A review on the mullins effect. Eur. Polym. J. 45, 601–612 (2009)
Fletcher W.P., Gent A.N.: Non-linearity in the dynamic properties of vulcanised rubber compounds. Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind. 29, 266–280 (1953)
Payne A.R.: The dynamic properties of carbon black-loaded natural rubber vulcanizates. Part I. J. Appl. Phys. 6(19), 57–63 (1962)
Rendek M., Lion A.: Strain-induced transient effects of filler-reinforced elastomers with respect to the Payne-effect: experiments and constitutive modelling. Z Angew Math. Mech. 90, 436–458 (2010)
Barick A.K., Tripathy D.K.: Thermal and dynamic mechanical characterization of thermoplastic polyurethane/organoclay nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527, 812–823 (2010)
Barmouz M., Seyfi J., KazemBesharati Givi M., Hejazi I., Davachi S.M.: A novel approach for producing polymer nanocomposites by in-situ dispersion of clay particles via friction stir processing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 3003–3006 (2011)
Stringfellow R., Abeyaratne R.: Cavitation in an elastomer: comparison of theory with experiment. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 112, 127–131 (1989)
Le Cam J.-B, Toussaint E.: Volume variation in stretched natural rubber: competition between cavitation and stress-induced crystallization. Macromolecules 41, 7579–7583 (2008)
Le Cam J.-B., Toussaint E.: Cyclic volume changes in rubbers. Mech. Mater. 41, 898–901 (2009)
Toki S., Fujimaki T., Okuyama M.: Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber as detected real-time by wide-angle x-ray diffraction technique. Polymer 41, 5423–5429 (2000)
Toki, S., Sics, I., Ran, S., Liu, L., Hsiao, B.S., Murakami, S., Senoo, K., Kohjiya, S.: New insights into structural development in natural rubber during uniaxial deformation by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Macromolecules 35, 6578–6584 (2002)
Trabelsi S., Albouy P.-A., Rault J.: Stress-induced crystallization around a crack tip in natural rubber. Macromolecules 35, 10054–10061 (2002)
Trabelsi S., Albouy P.-A., Rault J.: Effective local deformation in stretched filled rubber. Macromolecules 36, 9093–9099 (2003)
Huneau B.: Strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber: a review of x-ray diffraction investigations. Rubber Chem. Technol. 84, 425–452 (2011)
Lion A., Peters J.: Coupling effects in dynamic calorimetry: frequency-dependent relations for specific heat and thermomechanical responses: a one-dimensional approach based on thermodynamics with internal state variables. Thermochim. Acta 500, 76–87 (2010)
Gough, J.: Proc Lit and Phil Soc Manchester, 2nd, ser. 1, p. 288 (1805)
Joule J.P.: On some thermodynamic properties of solids. Phil. Mag. 4(h, 14), 227 (1857)
Mars W.V., Fatemi A.: A literature survey on fatigue analysis approaches for rubber. Int. J. Fatigue 24, 949–961 (2002)
Mars W.V.: Cracking energy density as a predictor of fatigue life under multiaxial conditions. Rubber Chem. Technol. 75, 1–17 (2002)
Le Cam, J.-B.: Endommagement en fatigue des elastomères. PhD thesis, Université de Nantes, École Centrale de Nantes (2005)
Saintier N., Cailletaud G., Piques R.: Multiaxial fatigue life prediction for a natural rubber. Int. J. Fatigue 28, 530–539 (2006)
Chadwick P., Creasy C.M.F.: Modified entropic elasticity of rubberlike materials. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 32, 337–357 (1984)
Pottier T., Moutrille M.-P., Le Cam J.-B., Balandraud X., Grédiac M.: Study on the use of motion compensation technique to determine heat sources. application to large deformations on cracked rubber specimens. Exp. Mech. 49, 561–574 (2009)
Promma N., Raka B., Grédiac M., Toussaint E., Le Cam J.-B., Balandraud X., Hild F.: Application of the virtual fields method to mechanical characterization of elastomeric materials. Int. J. Solids Struct. 46, 698–715 (2009)
Le Cam J.-B., Toussaint E., Dubois O.: Effect of thermal cycles on the deformation state at the crack tip of crystallizable natural rubber. Strain 48, 153–156 (2011)
Le Cam J.-B.: A review of the challenges and limitations of full-field measurements applied to large heterogeneous deformation of rubbers. Strain 48, 174–188 (2012)
Toussaint E., Balandraud X., Le Cam J.-B., Grédiac M.: Combining displacement, strain, temperature and heat source fields to investigate the thermomechanical response of an elastomeric specimen subjected to large deformations. Polym. Test. 31, 916–925 (2012)
Verron, E., Le Cam, J.-B., Gornet, L.: A multiaxial criterion for crack nucleation in rubber. Mech. Res. Commun. 33:493–498 (2006)
Samaca Martinez J.R., Le Cam J.-B., Balandraud X., Toussaint E., Caillard J.: Mechanisms of deformation in crystallizable natural rubber. Part 2: quantitative calorimetric analysis. Polymer 54, 2727–2736 (2013)
Samaca Martinez J.R., Le Cam J.-B., Balandraud X., Toussaint E., Caillard J.: Filler effects on the thermomechanical response of stretched rubbers. Polym. Test. 32, 835–841 (2013)
Lemaitre J., Chaboche J.L.: Mechanics of Solids Materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1990)
Maugin, G.A.: The Thermodynamics of Nonlinear Irreversible Behaviors: An Introduction, volume 27 of Series A. World scientific series on Nonlinear Science (1999)
Holzapfel, G.A.: Non linear solid mechanics: a continuum approach for engineering. Wiley (2000)
Chrysochoos, A.: Analyse du comportement des matériaux par thermographie infrarouge. Photomécanique 95, Y. Berthaud (ed.), Eyrolles, pp. 203–211, Cachan, France, 14–16 March (1995)
Chrysochoos A., Pham H., Maisonneuve O.: Energy balance of thermoelastic martensite transformation under stress. Nucl. Eng. Des. 162, 1–12 (1996)
Balandraud X., Ernst E., Soos E.: Rheological phenomena in shape memory alloys. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIb Mec 327, 33–39 (1999)
Boulanger T., Chrysochoos A., Mabru C., Galtier A.: Calorimetric analysis of dissipative and thermoelastic effects associated with the fatigue behavior of steels. Int. J. Fatigue 26, 221–229 (2004)
Berthel B., Chrysochoos A., Wattrisse B., Galtier A.: Infrared image processing for the calorimetric analysis of fatigue phenomena. Exp. Mech. 48, 79–90 (2008)
Giancane S., Chrysochoos A., Dattoma V., Wattrisse B.: Deformation and dissipated energies for high cycle fatigue of 2024-T3 aluminium alloy. Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech. 52, 117–121 (2009)
Chrysochoos A., Louche H.: An infrared image processing to analyse the calorific effects accompanying strain localisation. Int. J. Eng. Sci. 38, 1759–1788 (2000)
Chrysochoos A., Louche H.: Thermal and dissipative effects accompanying luders band propagation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A struct. 307, 15–22 (2001)
Balandraud X., Chrysochoos A., Leclercq S., Peyroux R.: Influence of the thermomechanical coupling on the propagation of a phase change front. C.R. Acad. Sci. Ser. IIB Mech. 329, 621–626 (2001)
Chrysochoos A., Wattrisse B., Muracciole J.-M., El Kaim Y.: Fields of stored energy associated with localized necking of steel. J. Mech. Mater. Struct. 4, 245–262 (2009)
Maquin F., Pierron F.: Heat dissipation measurements in low stress cyclic loading of metallic materials: From internal friction to micro-plasticity. Mech. Mater. 41, 928–942 (2009)
Dumoulin S., Louche H., Hopperstad O.S., Borvik T.: Heat sources, energy storage and dissipation in high-strength steels: experiments and modelling. Eur. J. Mech. A Solids 29, 461–474 (2010)
Verron E., Andriyana A.: Definition of a new predictor for multiaxial fatigue crack nucleation in rubber. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 56, 417–443 (2008)
Baaser H., Hopmann C., Schobel A.: Reformulation of strain invariants at incompressibility. Arch. Appl. Mech. 83, 273–280 (2013)
Meunier L., Chagnon G., Favier D., Orgéas L., Vacher P.: Experimental and numerical study of the mechanical behaviour of an unfilled silicone rubber. Polym. Test. 27, 765–777 (2008)
Treloar, L.R.G.: The elasticity of a network of long chain molecules (I and II). Transactions of the Faraday Society 39:36–64, 241–246 (1943)
Dulieu-Barton J.M., Stanley P.: Development and application of thermoelastic stress analysis. J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des. 33, 93–104 (1998)
Joule, J.P.: India-rubber, 33. In: The Scientific Papers of James Prescott Joule, vol. 1. The Physical Society of London, Taylor and Francis, red lion court, fleet street (1884)
Anthony R.L., Caston R.H., Guth E.: Equations of state for naturals and synthetic rubber like materials: unaccelerated natural soft rubber. J. Phys. Chem. 46, 826 (1942)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Balandraud, X., Le Cam, J.B. Some specific features and consequences of the thermal response of rubber under cyclic mechanical loading. Arch Appl Mech 84, 773–788 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-014-0832-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00419-014-0832-3