Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of anatomical ultrastructures is important in biological research. However, 3-D image analysis on exact serial sets of ultra-thin sections from biological specimens is very difficult to achieve, and limited information can be obtained by 3-D reconstruction from these sections due to the small area that can be reconstructed. On the other hand, the high-penetration power of electrons by an ultra-high accelerating voltage enables thick sections of biological specimens to be examined. High-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) is particularly useful for 3-D analysis of the central nervous system because considerably thick sections can be observed at the ultrastructure level. Here, we applied HVEM tomography assisted by light microscopy to a study of the 3-D chemical neuroanatomy of the rat lower spinal cord annotated by double-labeling immunohistochemistry. This powerful methodology is useful for studying molecular and/or chemical neuroanatomy at the 3-D ultrastructural level.
References
Belichenko PV, Dahlstrom A (1995) Studies on the 3-dimensional architecture of dendritic spines and varicosities in human cortex by confocal laser scanning microscopy and Lucifer yellow microinjections. J Neurosci Methods 57:55–61
Denk W, Svoboda K (1997) Photon upmanship: why multiphoton imaging is more than a gimmick. Neuron 18:351–357
Giuliano F, Rampin O (2000) Central neural regulation of penile erection. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 24:517–533
Hama K, Kosaka T (1981) Neurobiological applications of high voltage electron microscopy. Trends Neurosci 4:193–196
Hell SW (2007) Far-field optical nanoscopy. Science 316:1153–1158
Kremer JR, Mastronarde DN, McIntosh JR (1996) Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD. J Struct Biol 116:71–76
Matsuda K, Sakamoto H, Kawata M (2008) Androgen action in the brain and spinal cord for the regulation of male sexual behaviors. Curr Opin Pharmacol 8:747–751
Miyawaki A (2003) Fluorescence imaging of physiological activity in complex systems using GFP-based probes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:591–596
Morgan C, Nadelhaft I, de Groat WC (1981) The distribution of visceral primary afferents from the pelvic nerve to Lissauer’s tract and the spinal gray matter and its relationship to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. J Comp Neurol 201:415–440
Nishi M, Kawata M (2006) Brain corticosteroid receptor dynamics and trafficking: implications from live cell imaging. Neuroscientist 12:119–133
Pettersen EF, Goddard TD, Huang CC, Couch GS, Greenblatt DM, Meng EC, Ferrin TE (2004) UCSF Chimera—a visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. J Comput Chem 25:1605–1612
Sakamoto H (2012) Brain–spinal cord neural circuits controlling male sexual function and behavior. Neurosci Res 72:103–116
Sakamoto H, Matsuda K, Zuloaga DG, Hongu H, Wada E, Wada K, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM, Kawata M (2008) Sexually dimorphic gastrin releasing peptide system in the spinal cord controls male reproductive functions. Nat Neurosci 11:634–636
Sakamoto H, Arii T, Kawata M (2010) High-voltage electron microscopy reveals direct synaptic inputs from a spinal gastrin-releasing peptide system to neurons of the spinal nucleus of bulbocavernosus. Endocrinology 151:417–421
Saxton WO, Baumeister W, Hahn M (1984) Three-dimensional reconstruction of imperfect two-dimensional crystals. Ultramicroscopy 13:57–70
Studeny S, Vizzard MA (2005) Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) expression in postnatal and adult rat sacral parasympathetic nucleus (SPN). Cell Tissue Res 322:339–352
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by KAKENHI from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, Culture and Technology (MEXT), Japan (to M.K. and H.S) and by research grants from the Takeda Science Foundation, Japan (to H.S.); from the Sumitomo Foundation, Japan (to H.S.); from the Daiichi-Sankyo Foundation of Life Science, Japan (to H.S.); from the Kanae Foundation for the Promotion of Medical Science, Japan (to H.S.); from the Nakajima Foundation, Japan (to H.S.); from the Brain Science Foundation, Japan (to H.S.); from the Senri Life Science Foundation, Japan (to H.S.); and by the Co-operative Study by High-voltage Electron Microscopy (H-1250M) of the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan (to M.K. and H.S.).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oti, T., Satoh, K., Saito, K. et al. Three-dimensional evaluation of the spinal local neural network revealed by the high-voltage electron microscopy: a double immunohistochemical study. Histochem Cell Biol 138, 693–697 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-012-0976-6
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-012-0976-6