Abstract
We present a method for autometallographic (AMG) enhancement of the Golgi-Cox staining enabling high resolution visualization of dendrites and spines. The method is cheaper and more flexible than conventional enhancement procedures performed with commercial photographic developers. The staining procedure is thoroughly described and we demonstrate with qualitative and quantitative data, how histological tissue sectioning, Golgi-Cox immersion time and different AMG enhancement length may influence the staining of dendrites and spines in the rat hippocampus. The described method will be of value for future behavioural-anatomical studies, examining changes in dendrite branching and spine density caused by brain diseases and their subsequent treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chao HW, Hong CJ, Huang TN, Lin YL, Hsueh YP (2008) SUMOylation of the MAGUK protein CASK regulates dendritic spinogenesis. J Cell Biol 182:141–155
Chapleau CA, Carlo ME, Larimore JL, Pozzo-Miller L (2008) The actions of BDNF on dendritic spine density and morphology in organotypic slice cultures depend on the presence of serum in culture media. J Neurosci Methods 169:182–190
Dalla C, Whetstone AS, Hodes GE, Shors TJ (2009) Stressful experience has opposite effects on dendritic spines in the hippocampus of cycling versus masculinized females. Neurosci Lett 449:52–56
Danscher G (1981) Light and electron microscopic localization of silver in biological tissue. Histochemistry 71:177–186
Danscher G (1984) Autometallography. A new technique for light and electron microscopic visualization of metals in biological tissues (gold, silver, metal sulphides and metal selenides). Histochemistry 81:331–335
Danscher G, Stoltenberg M (2006) Silver enhancement of quantum dots resulting from (1) metabolism of toxic metals in animals and humans, (2) in vivo, in vitro and immersion created zinc-sulphur/zinc-selenium nanocrystals, (3) metal ions liberated from metal implants and particles. Prog Histochem Cytochem 41:57–139
Friedland DR, Los JG, Ryugo DK (2006) A modified Golgi staining protocol for use in the human brain stem and cerebellum. J Neurosci Methods 150:90–95
Geisler S, Heilmann H, Veh RW (2002) An optimized method for simultaneous demonstration of neurons and myelinated fiber tracts for delineation of individual trunco- and palliothalamic nuclei in the mammalian brain. Histochem Cell Biol 117:69–79
Gibb R, Kolb B (1998) A method for vibratome sectioning of Golgi-Cox stained whole rat brain. J Neurosci Methods 79:1–4
Heinz T (2005) Evolution of the silver and gold stains in neurohistology. Biotech Histochem 80:211–222
Landas S, Phillips MI (1982) Staining of human and rat brain Vibratome sections by a new Golgi method. J Neurosci Methods 5:147–151
Larsen M, Bjarkam CR, Stoltenberg M, Sorensen JC, Danscher G (2003) An autometallographic technique for myelin staining in formaldehyde-fixed tissue. Histol Histopathol 18:1125–1130
Livet J, Weissman TA, Kang H, Draft RW, Lu J, Bennis RA, Sanes JR, Lichtman JW (2007) Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system. Nature 450:56–62
Long KD, Ahmadi F, Srivastava N, Speckmann W (2008) Enriched neuronal morphology revealed by monoclonal cocktail immunostaining. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, November 2008
Lopez-Munoz F, Boya J, Alamo C (2006) Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Brain Res Bull 70:391–405
Marquis JP, Goulet S, Dore FY (2008) Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesions disrupt extra-dimensional shift and alter dendritic spine density in the medial prefrontal cortex of juvenile rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 90:339–346
Niu S, Yabut O, D’Arcangelo G (2008) The Reelin signaling pathway promotes dendritic spine development in hippocampal neurons. J Neurosci 28:10339–10348
Pasternak JF, Woolsey TA (1975) On the “selectivity” of the Golgi-Cox method. J Comp Neurol 160:307–312
Pilati N, Barker M, Panteleimonitis S, Donga R, Hamann M (2008) A rapid method combining Golgi and Nissl staining to study neuronal morphology and cytoarchitecture. J Histochem Cytochem 56:539–550
Popov VI, Medvedev NI, Kraev IV, Gabbott PL, Davies HA, Lynch M, Cowley TR, Berezin V, Bock E, Stewart MG (2008) A cell adhesion molecule mimetic, FGL peptide, induces alterations in synapse and dendritic spine structure in the dentate gyrus of aged rats: a three-dimensional ultrastructural study. Eur J Neurosci 27:301–314
Pyapali GK, Sik A, Penttonen M, Buzsaki G, Turner DA (1998) Dendritic properties of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in the rat: intracellular staining in vivo and in vitro. J Comp Neurol 391:335–352
Ramón y Cajal S, Pasik P, Pasik T (1999) Texture of the nervous system of man and the vertebrates, vol 1. Springer, Wien; New York
Rosoklija G, Mancevski B, Ilievski B, Perera T, Lisanby SH, Coplan JD, Duma A, Serafimova T, Dwork AJ (2003) Optimization of Golgi methods for impregnation of brain tissue from humans and monkeys. J Neurosci Methods 131:1–7
Rotolo T, Smallwood PM, Williams J, Nathans J (2008) Genetically-directed, cell type-specific sparse labeling for the analysis of neuronal morphology. PLoS ONE 3:e4099
Ruan YW, Lei Z, Fan Y, Zou B, Xu ZC (2009) Diversity and fluctuation of spine morphology in CA1 pyramidal neurons after transient global ischemia. J Neurosci Res 87:61–68
Shen H, Sesack SR, Toda S, Kalivas PW (2008) Automated quantification of dendritic spine density and spine head diameter in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Struct Funct 213:149–157
Spacek J (1989) Dynamics of the Golgi method: a time-lapse study of the early stages of impregnation in single sections. J Neurocytol 18:27–38
Stean JP (1974) Some evidence of the nature of the Golgi-Cox deposit and its biochemical origin. Histochemistry 40:377–383
Stoltenberg M, Danscher G (2000) Histochemical differentiation of autometallographically traceable metals (Au, Ag, Hg, Bi, Zn): protocols for chemical removal of separate autometallographic metal clusters in Epon sections. Histochem J 32:645–652
Whitcher LT, Klintsova AY (2008) Postnatal binge-like alcohol exposure reduces spine density without affecting dendritic morphology in rat mPFC. Synapse 62:566–573
Acknowledgments
We acknowledge with gratitude the skilful assistance of Ms. D. Jensen. This study was supported by grants from The Lundbeck Foundation, and The Danish Medical Research Council (FSS).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Orlowski, D., Bjarkam, C.R. Autometallographic enhancement of the Golgi-Cox staining enables high resolution visualization of dendrites and spines. Histochem Cell Biol 132, 369–374 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-009-0611-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-009-0611-3