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Cellular senescence and ophthalmic diseases: narrative review

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Abstract

Purpose

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent growth arrest whereby a cell reaches its replicative limit. However, senescence can also be triggered prematurely in certain stressors including radiation, oxidative stress, and chemotherapy. This stress-induced senescence has been studied in the context of promoting inflammation, tumor development, and several chronic degenerative diseases of aging. Emerging research has elucidated the role of senescence in various ocular diseases.

Methods

The literature search was performed using PubMed with using the query (senescence OR aging) AND (eye disease OR ocular disease OR ophthalmic disease OR cornea OR glaucoma OR cataract OR retina) on October 20th, 2022. No time restriction was proposed. Articles were excluded if they were not referenced in English.

Results

Overall, 51 articles regarding senescence and ocular diseases were found and summarized in this study. Several signaling pathways have been implicated in the development of senescence. Currently, senescence has been linked to various corneal and retinal pathologies, as well as cataract and glaucoma. Given the number of pathologies, senolytics, which are small molecules with the ability to selective targeting of senescent cells, can be used as therapeutic or prophylactic agents.

Conclusions

Senescence has been shown to underlie the pathogenesis of numerous ocular diseases. The overall literature on senescence and ocular disease is growing rapidly. There is an ongoing debate whether or not cellular senescence detected in experiments contributes in a significant way to diseases. Research on understanding the mechanism of senescence from ocular cells and tissues is just beginning. Multiple animal models are required to test potential senolytics. Currently, no studies exist to date which have demonstrated the benefits of senolytic therapies in human studies.

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Funding

This work was supported by R01 EY024349 (ARD) and UH3 EY031809 (ARD): Core Grant for Vision Research EY01792 all from NEI/NIH; Vision Research Program – Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program VR170180 from the Department of Defense, Unrestricted Grant to the Department and Physician-Scientist Award both from Research to Prevent Blindness.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Soleimani & Kasra Cheraqpour

  2. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Mohammad Soleimani, Raghuram Koganti & Ali R. Djalilian

  3. Cornea Service, Stem Cell Therapy and Corneal Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, 1855 W. Taylor Street, M/C 648, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Mohammad Soleimani & Ali R. Djalilian

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  1. Mohammad Soleimani
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Contributions

M. S. and A. D. conceptualized the review topic. K. C. and R. K. conducted the search for literature, extracted relevant points of discussion, updated reference lists, and contributed to writing of the report. M. S., K. C., R. K., and A. D. were involved in drafting, and contributed to writing of the review. All co-authors approved of the review being submitted for publication.

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Correspondence to Ali R. Djalilian.

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Mohammad Soleimani and Kasra Cheraqpour contributed equally.

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Soleimani, M., Cheraqpour, K., Koganti, R. et al. Cellular senescence and ophthalmic diseases: narrative review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 261, 3067–3082 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-023-06070-9

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