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Differences in the eyelid and buccal microbiome of glaucoma patients receiving long-term administration of prostaglandin analog drops

  • Glaucoma
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose

To investigate the differences in the eyelid and buccal microbiomes between patients receiving long-term prostaglandin analogs for open-angle glaucoma (PG-OAG) and naïve-OAG patients by using metagenomics.

Methods

Eyelid and buccal samples were collected from 30 PG-OAG and 32 naïve-OAG patients. The taxonomic composition of the microbiome was obtained via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, operational taxonomic unit analysis, and diversity analysis. Differential gene expression analysis (DEG) and Bland–Altman (MA) plots were used to determine taxon differences between the microbiomes of PG-OAG and naïve-OAG patients.

Results

The eyelid microbiome showed marginally significant differences, while the alpha-diversity of the buccal microbiome showed significant differences between PG-OAG and naïve-OAG patients. However, the beta-diversity of both eyelid and buccal microbiomes was higher in PG-OAG patients than in naïve-OAG patients. The MA plot showed cluster differences in the eyelid microbiome. DEG analysis of the eyelid microbiome revealed various taxa differences, including enrichment of Azomonas, Pseudomonas, and Granulicatella in PG-OAG patients over naïve-OAG patients, as well as significant depletion of Delftia and Rothia. In the buccal microbiome in PG-OAG patients, taxa such as Rikenella and Stenotrophomonas were significantly enriched.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that the eyelid microbiome differs between PG-OAG and naïve-OAG patients, raising concerns regarding the eyelid environment in patients receiving these drugs. The overexpressed microbiome in the eyelid area suggests that microbiota may change after the administration of glaucoma medications in OAG.

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Data availability

Data are available on reasonable request.

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by a VHS Medical Center Research Grant (grant number: VHSMC 19022), Republic of Korea. The authors thank the Theragen Bio for providing technical support for genome sequencing and metagenome analysis

Funding

This study was supported by a VHS Medical Center Research Grant (grant number: VHSMC 19022), Republic of Korea.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Su-Ho Lim and Jong Hoon Shin contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center, 42835, 60 Wolgok-ro, Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Republic of Korea

    Su-Ho Lim

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 50612, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan, Republic of Korea

    Jong Hoon Shin

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Pusan National University Hospital, 49241, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea

    Ji-Woong Lee

  4. Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center , 05368, Jinhwangdo-ro 61-gil 53, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Young Lee & Je Hyun Seo

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  1. Su-Ho Lim
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Contributions

S-HL, JHS, and J-WL: study design and conception, data interpretation, and writing the manuscript; YL: data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript; JHS: study design and conception, data analysis and interpretation, and writing and revising the manuscript. All authors finally approved the manuscript and agreed to be accountable.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Je Hyun Seo.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of each center: Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Korea (IRB No. 2018–12-015), Pusan National University Hospital, (IRB No. H-1904–001-077), Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center (IRB No. 2019–001), and Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital (IRB No.05–2019-022).

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Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to their participation in the study.

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Not applicable.

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The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

417_2021_5218_MOESM1_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary Table S1. Differential gene expression analysis of the eyelid microbiome in open-angle glaucoma patients treated with prostaglandin analogs compared to naïve-open-angle glaucoma patients (XLSX 113 KB)

417_2021_5218_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx

Supplementary Table S2. Differential gene expression analysis of the buccal microbiome in open-angle glaucoma patients treated with prostaglandin analogs compared to naïve-open-angle glaucoma patients (XLSX 119 KB)

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Lim, SH., Shin, J.H., Lee, JW. et al. Differences in the eyelid and buccal microbiome of glaucoma patients receiving long-term administration of prostaglandin analog drops. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 259, 3055–3065 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05218-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05218-9

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