Abstract
Background
Metastatic risk for uveal melanoma (UM) patients can be characterized by gene expression profiling (GEP) (Castle Biosciences, Friendswood, TX). Class 1A tumors carry low metastatic risk; class 1B tumors have intermediate risk; and class 2 tumors have high risk. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) is a tumor-associated antigen which is expressed in various neoplasms including UM. Recently, PRAME expression in uveal melanoma was first recognized to confer an additional metastatic risk beyond GEP status.
Methods
This was a retrospective, consecutive, multicenter chart review study. All patients diagnosed with UM at two major ocular oncology centers from August 2016 to February 2018 who underwent both GEP and PRAME mRNA expression testing were included. Patient age at diagnosis, gender, and tumor variables such as thickness, largest basal diameter (LBD), tumor volume, TNM stage, and GEP class and PRAME status were extracted from the medical records. Statistical analysis was performed to analyze the association of PRAME +/− status with all clinical and molecular variables.
Results
One hundred forty-eight UM patients were identified. TNM was stage I in 51 (34.5%), stage IIA in 33 (22.3%), stage IIB in 34 (23%), stage IIIA in 20 (13.5%), and stage IIIB in 10 (6.8%) patients. Fifty-five patients (37%) were PRAME-positive, a significant fraction. There was no association between higher TNM stage and positive PRAME status (p = 0.129). PRAME expression was found to be independent of gender, patient age, and tumor thickness. PRAME expression was statistically associated with LBD and tumor volume. Higher GEP class was associated with higher TNM staging (p < 0.001). Worsening GEP class was associated with PRAME+ status with 28% of GEP class 1A tumors having PRAME+ status, 29% of GEP class 1B tumors having PRAME+ status, and 56% of GEP class 2 tumors having PRAME+ status.
Conclusions
In this study cohort, PRAME+ status was significantly associated with LBD and tumor volume as well as worsening GEP class. Nearly a third of GEP class 1A tumors expressed PRAME. Given the recent published data on increased metastatic risk among patients with tumors expressing PRAME, this study suggests that a significant fraction of 1A patients may harbor an increased metastatic risk. Future large, multicenter studies with long-term follow-up will clarify this finding.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Richard Vestewig, Ph.D., of GSRV Associates, LLC, who contributed to the statistical analysis. He was compensated for his contributions.
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ACS—Genentech (Consultant, Grant Funding), Regeneron (Grant Funding), Aura Biosciences (Consultant, Grant Funding), Castle Biosciences (Grant Funding—not for this study); EK—none; EHB—Guardant Health (Advisory Board), Abbvie (Advisory Board), Astra Zeneca (Advisory Board); ZMC—Castle Biosciences (Consultant).
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All procedures in this study was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Schefler, A.C., Koca, E., Bernicker, E.H. et al. Relationship between clinical features, GEP class, and PRAME expression in uveal melanoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257, 1541–1545 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04335-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04335-w