Abstract
Purpose
The purpose was to investigate the paravascular abnormalities (PVA) around the retinal vascular arcades and their post-operative evolution in eyes with epiretinal membranes (ERM).
Methods
This is an observational case series. Fifty-seven eyes of 55 patients with concurrent PVA and ERM were studied (study group). Forty-one eyes in 41 patients with ERM but no PVA served as controls. Multiple optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans were made along the upper and lower arcades and across the fovea in each patient. Serial fundus photography and OCT scans were performed in eyes receiving an operation. All surgeries were performed by one surgeon. The incidence and location of paravascular retinal cysts, deep cystic spaces underneath the vessels, and paravascular retinal defects, as well as vitreoretinal interface changes, were determined and correlated with macular thickness.
Results
In the study group, paravascular retinal cysts were detected in 57 eyes (100 %), deep cystic spaces in nine eyes (15.8 %), and paravascular lamellar holes in 31 eyes (54.4 %). No case had a full-thickness hole. ERM adhesion to the PVA was noted in 16 eyes (28.1 %) and internal limiting membrane (ILM) changes over the PVA in 22 eyes (38.6 %). Compared with the control, the study group had significantly increased macular thickness. PVA, except lamellar holes, disappeared or decrease in severity after ERM and ILM removal surgery.
Conclusion
Different types of PVA are relatively common in eyes with ERM. Our findings suggest that PVA may develop secondary to ERM-induced macular thickening. Except for lamellar holes, most lesions decrease following an operation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Shimada N, Ohno-Matsui K, Nishimuta A, Moriyama M, Yoshida T, Tokoro T, Mochizuki M (2008) Detection of paravascular lamellar holes and other paravascular abnormalities by optical coherence tomography in eyes with high myopia. Ophthalmology 115(4):708–717. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.04.060
Shimada N, Ohno-Matsui K, Yoshida T, Mochizuki M (2010) Presence of paravascular lamellar holes in patients with idiopathic premacular fibrosis. Br J Ophthalmol 94(2):263, 265–266. doi:10.1136/bjo.2008.156141
Muraoka Y, Tsujikawa A, Hata M, Yamashiro K, Ellabban AA, Takahashi A, Nakanishi H, Ooto S, Tanabe T, Yoshimura N (2015) Paravascular inner retinal defect associated with high myopia or epiretinal membrane. JAMA Ophthalmol 133(4):413–420. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.5632
Forte R, Cennamo G, Pascotto F, de Crecchio G (2008) En face optical coherence tomography of the posterior pole in high myopia. Am J Ophthalmol 145(2):281–288. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2007.09.022
Ikuno Y, Gomi F, Tano Y (2005) Potent retinal arteriolar traction as a possible cause of myopic foveoschisis. Am J Ophthalmol 139(3):462–467. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2004.09.078
Ito Y, Terasaki H, Takahashi A, Yamakoshi T (2005) Dissociated optic nerve fiber layer appearance after internal limiting membrane peeling for idiopathic macular holes. Opthalmology 112(8):1415–1420. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.02.023
Sakimoto S, Ikuno Y, Fujimoto S, Sakaguchi H, Nishida K (2014) Characteristics of the retinal surface after internal limiting membrane peeling in highly myopic eyes. Am J Ophthalmol 158(4):762–768. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2014.06.024, e761
Pichi F, Lembo A, Morara M, Veronese C, Alkabes M, Nucci P, Ciardella AP (2014) Early and late inner retinal changes after inner limiting membrane peeling. Int Ophthalmol 34(2):437–446. doi:10.1007/s10792-013-9831-6
Steel DH, Dinah C, Habib M, White K (2015) ILM peeling technique influences the degree of a dissociated optic nerve fibre layer appearance after macular hole surgery. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 253(5):691–698. doi:10.1007/s00417-014-2734-z
La Heij EC, Dieudonne SC, Mooy CM, Diederen RM, Liem AT, van Suylen RJ, Hendrikse F (2005) Immunohistochemical analysis of the internal limiting membrane peeled with infracyanine green. Am J Ophthalmol 140(6):1123–1125. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.05.054
Lim JW, Kim HK, Cho DY (2011) Macular function and ultrastructure of the internal limiting membrane removed during surgery for idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 39(1):9–14. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02377.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Funding
No funding was received for this research.
Conflict of interest
All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge, or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Informed consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, HY., Hsieh, YT. & Yang, CM. Paravascular abnormalities in eyes with idiopathic epiretinal membrane. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 254, 1723–1729 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-016-3276-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-016-3276-3