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In vitro extraction of intra-corneal iron using reverse iontophoresis and vitamin C

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to optimize reverse iontophoretic (RI) extraction of ferric/ferrous ions from the cornea.

Methods

Group I consisted of the right eye corneas from 20 normal rabbits. Corneal blood staining was induced in 60 right eyes. The corneal depths from the endothelium to the epithelium layers were divided into three groups by slit-lamp examination: Group II, one-third corneal thickness; Group III, one-half corneal thickness; Group IV, full corneal thickness. RI was performed using vertical diffusion cells. The lower chamber was loaded with glutathione bicarbonate Ringer’s buffer (GBR; pH 7.0) or vitamin C (12.5 mg/mL) and GBR (pH 7.0), while the upper chamber was filled with 1 mL GBR. Progress of corneal blood staining removal was evaluated.

Results

Application of 1.5 mA to the cornea increased flux by 1.72- and 2.19-fold in Groups III and IV, respectively, but not in Groups I or II, compared to the control. When vitamin C was included, we observed significant flux increases in the controls (1.5-, 2.06-, 2.60-, and 4.59-fold) for Groups I, II, III, and IV, and under RI conditions for Groups III and IV. Following RI, the corneal endothelia appeared similar to corneas from untreated control rabbits, while Draize scores were zero.

Conclusions

These results suggested that extracellular ferric/ferrous ions could be extracted from the cornea in vitro by RI, and that vitamin C reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the cornea and altered its permselectivity, thus increasing the RI contribution to iron extraction.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Animal Center of Harbin Medical University for assistance with animal care.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, China

    Jian-Hai Bai, Sheng Su, Lei Huang, Yan-Yan Zhang, Hong-Bin Yang & Hao Cui

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Tangshan Gongren Hospital, Tangshan, 064300, China

    Yun-Song Wang

  3. Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China

    Mei-Hua Guo

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  1. Jian-Hai Bai
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Correspondence to Hao Cui.

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Bai, JH., Su, S., Huang, L. et al. In vitro extraction of intra-corneal iron using reverse iontophoresis and vitamin C. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 252, 1245–1258 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-014-2681-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-014-2681-8

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