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The effects of bupivacaine injection and oral nitric oxide on extraocular muscle in the rabbit

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Abstract

Aim

Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in muscle regeneration, which is the primary response, observed during bupivacaine-induced extraocular muscle (EOM) hypertrophy. Our aims were to investigate the effects of bupivacaine injection into the rabbit EOM and the interaction with NO.

Materials and methods

Superior rectus (SR) muscles of 24 New Zealand albino rabbits were studied. Single muscle twitch tension (SMTT) and tetanic muscle tensions at 50, 75, and 100 Hz were recorded using a 15 V stimuli. The rabbits were equally allocated into three groups. Measurements were performed without any drug treatments in group 1. In groups 2 and 3, bupivacaine, 0.5 ml of a 0.50 % solution, was injected into the EOM, and after 21 days, measurements were performed. Oral isosorbide dinitrate (NO donor) at 20 mg/day was given each day prior to measurements in group 3.

Results

SMTTs were 69.9 (66.7–77.6), 187.7 (114.9–252.1) and 204.2 (135.3–311.6) mg in groups 1, 2, and 3 respectively. SMTTs for both groups 2 and 3 were significantly higher than that for group 1 (p < 0.05). Compared with group 1, group 2 exhibited a 3.8–11.7 % increase in the tetanic tensions at 50, 75, and 100 Hz, but none of these differences were statistically significant. The increase was 47.5–137.5 % in group 3 relative to group 2, and the differences were statistically significant except at 100 Hz. The enlargement of the muscle fibers after bupivacaine injection was shown histopathologically.

Conclusion

Bupivacaine injection increased the EOM tension in rabbits to some extent. NO augmented the effect of bupivacaine.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 111S019). The supporting source had no involvement in (1) the study design, (2) the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, (3) the writing of the report, or (4) the decision to submit the report for publication

Conflicts of interest

The authors do not have any financial conflicts of interest related to the study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Burak Bilgin, Huseyin Gursoy & Hikmet Basmak

  2. Department of Physiology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Mete Ozkurt & Nese Tuncel

  3. Department of Pathology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Funda Canaz & Serap Isiksoy

  4. Department of Biostatistics, Eskişehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Eskişehir, Turkey

    Ertugrul Colak

Authors
  1. Burak Bilgin
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  2. Huseyin Gursoy
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  3. Hikmet Basmak
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  4. Mete Ozkurt
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  5. Nese Tuncel
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  6. Funda Canaz
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  7. Serap Isiksoy
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  8. Ertugrul Colak
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Huseyin Gursoy.

Additional information

All the authors have full control of all primary data, and agree to allow Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology to review their data upon request.

The study was presented as a poster at ARVO 2012.

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Bilgin, B., Gursoy, H., Basmak, H. et al. The effects of bupivacaine injection and oral nitric oxide on extraocular muscle in the rabbit. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 251, 2227–2233 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-013-2390-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-013-2390-8

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