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Synthesis, staining properties, and biocompatibility of a new cyanine dye for ILM peeling

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Abstract

Background

The aim of this work is to investigate the biocompatibility and staining properties of DSS: 3,3′-Di-(4-sulfobutyl)-1,1,1′,1′-tetramethyl-di-1H-benz[e]indocarbocyanine (DSS).

Methods

Dye concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1% were evaluated (290 and 295 mOsm). Toxicity was assessed using a colorimetric test measuring the inhibition of ARPE 19 cell, human primary RPE cell, and human Müller cell proliferation. Exposure time was 30, 60, 120, and 300 s. Indocyanine green (ICG) (0.5, 0.25, and 0.1%) served as a control. Cells were also illuminated with plain white light (750 mW/cm2) for 10 min to assess phototoxic effects. Besides staining of porcine and human lens capsule, internal limiting membrane (ILM)-staining was assessed by applying 0.25 and 0.5% DSS over the macula in two human post-mortem eyes.

Results

DSS of 0.25 and 0.1% showed no toxic effect on primary RPE cells and MIO-M1cells, and 0.5, 0.25, and 0.1% for ARPE-19 cells. In MIO-M1cells, 0.5% dye showed a significant reduction of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity only following an exposure time of 300 s. Following illumination, ICG showed a significantly more pronounced effect on cell viability in primary RPE cells and MIO-M1cells compared to DSS. The absorption maximum is found at 591 nm; the even more bathochromic fluorescence proceeds with a common Stokes’ shift where maxima at 620 and 660 nm with a quantum yield of 32% were found. The fluorescence is sufficiently hypsochromic and the fluorescence quantum yield high enough for an easy visual detection. The contrast and staining properties at the ILM were excellent and allowed for a controlled removal of the ILM during surgery. No penetration into deeper retinal layers was noted.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that this new cyanine dye DSS may represent an alternative for ILM staining due to its matched absorption concerning visibility and fluorescence qualities as well as its good biocompatibility.

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Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to PD Dr. W. Eichler, PhD, who provided us with the human Müller cell line MIO-M1 (gift from Dr. G.A. Limb, Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK).

Disclosure

Christos Haritoglou, Ana Varja, Peter Laubichler, and Heinz Langhals applied for a patent concerning the dye synthesis and its application.

The investigation was approved by the local IRB and all experiments were performed in adherence to the Declaration of Helsinki and all federal or state laws in Germany. Methods for securing human tissue were humane, included proper consent and approval, complied with the Declaration of Helsinki, and were approved by the local ethic committee.

Funding

This study received a grant by the “Freunde and Förderer der Augenklinik der Ludwig-Maximilians-University”

Competing Interest

None to declare.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Ophthalmology, LMU Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Mathildenstr. 8, 80336, Munich, Germany

    Christos Haritoglou, Marcus Kernt, Peter Laubichler, Kirsten Eibl & Anselm Kampik

  2. Department of Chemistry, LMU Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstr. 13, 81377, Munich, Germany

    Heinz Langhals & Ana Varja

  3. Division of Experimental Ophthalmology, Centre of ophthalmology, University of Tuebingen, Röntgenweg 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany

    Sebastian Thaler

Authors
  1. Christos Haritoglou
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christos Haritoglou.

Additional information

Christos Haritoglou and Marcus Kernt contributed equally to this manuscript.

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Haritoglou, C., Kernt, M., Laubichler, P. et al. Synthesis, staining properties, and biocompatibility of a new cyanine dye for ILM peeling. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 250, 829–838 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-012-1959-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-012-1959-y

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