Introduction

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding disease that occurs in premature infants, and affects the postnatal maturation of the retinal blood vessels. Many significant risk factors have been identified, including various growth factors [1–13]. The proportion of childhood blindness caused by ROP now varies from 8% in high-income countries to 40% in middle-income countries, and up to 60% in some regions [14, 15].

In 1988, the “Cryotherapy for ROP” study showed that cryotherapy at threshold disease (stage 3+ in zone I or II, extraretinal proliferations in 5 contiguous or 8 clock hours in total according to ICROP [16]) halved the incidence of retinal detachment and, hence, adverse outcome. If left untreated, as many as 50% of the children had an unfavourable outcome [17]. Presently, the preferred treatment modality of threshold ROP is laser photocoagulation, which decreases the risk of retinal detachment to only a few percent [18, 19]. In high-income countries, today about 5% of infants with a birth weight below 1250 g develop threshold disease [20]. Timing appears crucial in terms of treatment success. Once threshold disease is diagnosed, delay in treatment has the risk of leading to more severe ROP, i.e. “suprathreshold disease”, and therefore worsens the prognosis [21]. Following the more recent Early Treatment of ROP (ETROP) study [22], the criteria and indications for treatment of ROP, particularly the optimum time for treatment, are under discussion in many countries. According to ETROP, i.e. earlier treatment of type-1 ROP, a better overall ROP outcome is advocated [23].

Expert screening by paediatric ophthalmologists or retina specialists for repeated exams to detect treatment-requiring disease according to the evolving definitions is crucial. Such expert screening is not always available, although detailed screening guidelines have been provided in various countries and updated recently [24–30]. In Germany, ROP screening in the NICUs is frequently provided by general ophthalmologists with different degrees of experience with the disease. This is due to the fact that there are at least four times more NICUs than university sites where treatment is usually performed. A typical German NICU has 30–60 preterm babies at risk for ROP per year. With the incidence of threshold disease of about 5% in babies with a birth weight below 1250 g [31], each NICU will have, on average, two to three preterm babies at threshold per year (with spontaneous regression in 50%). Hence, the consulting ophthalmologist—sometimes there are several per NICU—may not gain sufficient experience in evaluating the disease. In Germany, direct pension costs for a blind person (independent of their income) are about 300,000 € based on the current rates and calculated for a period of 50 years. They do not include specific costs for education of the blind and specialised equipment for work. Consequently, even a few failed screenings or treatments present a compelling economic reason to support screening and treatment programs when multiplied by the high cost of failure.

Telemedicine combined with WFDI offers the opportunity for improved ROP screening by expert evaluation of the images independent of the screening site. The RetCam120, a retinal wide-field digital imaging system, allows documentation of large parts of the retina of the alert infant within minutes. Several studies [32–45], have now evaluated the value of WFDI in screening for ROP. In our prospective field study we have used, since 2001, the RetCam120 in five Bavarian NICUs for ROP screening of infants at risk scheduled according to the German national guidelines. Four of these NICUs were peripheral sites, with ROP screening performed by general ophthalmologists. All images were transferred to the Reading Centre at the University of Regensburg for evaluation. In a subset of infants, both WFDI and binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy BIO were performed by masked examiners. For all other infants, the local ophthalmologists were asked to continue BIO as requested by the German guidelines, but in fact did use BIO at their discretion. Our program was targeted at detection of clinically relevant ROP (CR-ROP, i.e. any ROP up to mid-peripheral zone III) with WFDI and telemedicine, to schedule adequate follow-up examinations, and to identify suspected treatment-requiring ROP (STR-ROP, definition see below) and thereby ideally eliminate late referrals. Our program was not targeted at reduction of ophthalmic examinations [46].

Material and methods

Patients

The study followed the Tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki (revised version, 1989) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Regensburg (00/190). Informed consent was obtained from all parents participating in the study.

In February 2001, RetCam120s were installed in five NICUs in East Bavaria covering a distance of about 200 km, and every RetCam120 user at that time received instruction in the use of the instrument from an ophthalmic photographer experienced in the use of the RetCam (Leslie MacKeen, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada). Starting from that date, all prematures at risk were examined with the RetCam120 following the German screening guidelines as to timing of examinations, gestational age (GA), and birth weight (BW) (Table 1) [29]. At the same time, all participants were asked to continue conventional screening with BIO.

Table 1 German guidelines for screening for acute ROP [29]*
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Examination protocol

Imaging was performed by general ophthalmologists in the four peripheral NICUs, and by paediatric ophthalmologists of the Reading Centre in the NICU in Regensburg. The ophthalmologists were directed to begin their examinations at a chronological age (CA) of 36–42 days, but not before a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 31 weeks (Table 1).

In the peripheral NICUs, only one examiner at the time did the examinations. Therefore, an objective comparison of BIO and WFDI did not appear feasible there. However, all examiners were instructed to inform the Reading Centre in case of discrepancies of their estimation of ROP with BIO and the results of image evaluation at the Reading Centre.

In 2002 and 2003, in a subset of 63 consecutive examinations (41 infants) WFDI was performed in the NICU of the Department of Paediatrics in Regensburg, by a senior resident, and in parallel conventional BIO by a paediatric ophthalmologist highly experienced with all stages of acute ROP (H.E.). Both examiners classified their findings from either WFDI or BIO, without knowing the result obtained with the alternative method. The images were read again in 2008 by the senior investigator (B.L.) who was masked as to the BIO results.

Examinations were performed after timely administration of atropine 0.1% (custom-made) and phenylephrine 2% (Neosynephrin-POS® 2%) eye drops for complete mydriasis, and oxybuprocain (Benoxinat®) eye drops for local anaesthesia of the cornea and conjunctiva (in the authors´experience, atropine 0.1% is particularly useful for obtaining good mydriasis over a period of several hours, which eliminates the problem of small pupils if the examination was not done at the scheduled hour). A sterile wire lid speculum (Barraquer for premature infants, Geuder, Heidelberg, Germany) was used to keep the eyelids open, as this speculum is the least space-consuming, and therefore allows good imaging even in the smallest infants.

The ophthalmologists were instructed to take six images per eye with the ROP lens that visualizes 130°: five images of the retina of each eye in a contact procedure (one posterior pole image and four more peripheral images to cover most of the retina), and one non-contact image of the anterior part of the eye for evaluating an eventual hyperaemia of the iris and persistent tunica vasculosa lentis as a sign of acute ROP (from January 2002). During the course of the study, it became clear that eight images from the peripheral retina were better suited to imaging the whole circumference. This is now the recommended standard set (Fig. 1). Follow-up examinations were scheduled by the Reading Centre according to the pathology seen and following the German guidelines [29], i.e. weekly in the case of acute ROP in zone I and II if not yet considered STR-ROP, and every 2 weeks in the absence of ROP but still incomplete vascularisation, in case of mild zone III disease, or in the case of beginning regression of any ROP. Therapy, if required, was performed on site or at the Reading Centre, according to availability of prolonged anaesthesia in the peripheral NICUs. The treatment decision was always based on an additional BIO exam by a specialist at the Reading Centre (senior investigator B.L., or an experienced fellow) once STR-ROP had been diagnosed. STR-ROP was defined as threshold ROP in zone II, or prethreshold in zone I = type-1 ROP, or possibly treatment-requiring ROP that could not be reliably classified from the images. The main reasons for classification issues were incomplete imaging of the whole circumference and/or doubts as to the degree of extraretinal neovascularisation. WFDI was continued until vascularisation was estimated to be complete i.e. when retinal vessels were seen in mid-peripheral zone III, or any ROP had regressed spontaneously or STR-ROP had developed. The extreme periphery, i.e. the ora serrata, was not imaged with WFDI.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Standard image set and view of camera (GA 26weeks, BW 710g) ROP 3+, central zone 2. Iris hyperemia and some dilated remnants of the tunica vasculosa lentis (top left). Shown are RetCam120 images of the left eye. Bottom left panel shows the camera in non-contact mode to visualize the anterior segment (from [54])

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Reading of digitized images

Images from the NICU in Regensburg were evaluated by paediatric ophthalmologists experienced in reading the images, and in the case of any pathology also by the senior investigator (B.L.).

Image data received from the RetCam120 examinations outside Regensburg were sent via ISDN (phone line) to the Reading Centre without any personal data to assure data safety. The reader was also blinded as to the result of the exam in the peripheral NICU. To assign the images to the respective infants, a coding system was used consisting of 8 digits (Fig. 2). Personal and paediatric data of the infants were sent anonymously via email or fax to the Reading Centre using the same code. The images were evaluated by experienced paediatric ophthalmologists the same day or the day after, and in the case of any pathology also by the senior investigator (B.L.). These evaluations and also recommendations as to control examinations onsite or at the Reading Centre were sent back via email to the referring NICU.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Example of coding system to ensure data security in the Telemedicine Project. This child has been first examined in 2001 (01) in the NICU in Deggendorf (d) as the 3rd child examined that year at the NICU in Deggendorf (003). The last two digits 01 indicate that this was the first examination of this child

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Complete imaging with the technology available today is not feasible in all instances. This does not represent a real drawback, as the important issue in the context of screening is to determine whether there is indication of either immature retina or any pathology that may progress to treatment-requiring ROP, both warranting follow-up examinations. To overcome the present limitations and yet get the necessary information, assessment of the images included evaluation of: (1) presence of dilated vessels of a persistent tunica vasculosa lentis and/or iris hyperaemia, (2) extent of visible retinal vascularisation, (3) shape and diameter of retinal vessels at the posterior pole, i.e. vasoconstriction or plus disease, (4) shape, degree of arborisation and diameter of retinal vessels in the peripheral images or at the border of clear visibility, and (5) completeness of imaging as to zone and clock hours. These additional factors were used for definitive classification and to schedule follow-up examinations or eventually refer infants for BIO because of STR-ROP.

Results

Demographic data

From 2/2001 to 12/2006, 2,444 eyes of 1,222 preterm babies were examined. Of these, 913 infants were examined in the four NICUs outside Regensburg, and 309 were patients of the NICU in Regensburg. Babies with a gestational age (GA) >32 completed gestational weeks had a birth weight (BW) ≤1500 g; babies with a BW >1500 g did not have 32 completed gestational weeks. In addition, there were a few preterm babies (GA <37 completed gestational weeks), who had received oxygen for more than 3 days and were therefore screened for ROP. Detailed data are given in Table 2.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of all patients screened and of patients with ROP
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Image analysis

The number of RetCam120 images taken per session and transmitted to the Reading Centre varied widely from one to 60 per eye (mean ten), despite the instruction given to all examiners to take nine images per eye. One image was the exception; it was always from the posterior pole and usually at the first exam in very tiny infants. Image quality was highly variable between infants with different degrees of maturity and compliance, between the various NICUs, and also between different examiners. In total, 3,230 image sets (6,460 eyes) were taken, of which 97.6 % (3,151/3,230) were of high enough quality to be evaluated as to (1) degree of retinal maturity, (2) retina at risk for progression to STR-ROP within 1 or 2 weeks, or (3) STR-ROP within days. Only 2.4 % (79/3,230) of image sets could not be classified according to these criteria; the majority of them had been taken in the peripheral NICUs. Repeat examinations of those 79 sets one week later allowed classification, and did not show any STR-ROP. The number of examinations per infant ranged from one to 27 (including follow-up examinations after treatment), and was 2.6 on average. The number of examinations for the 46 infants with STR-ROP ranged from four to 27, and was 4.6 on average.

ROP stages detected with the RetCam 120

Detailed ROP findings are listed in Tables 3 and 4. In total, 27.6% of the 1222 premature babies (337 infants) were diagnosed with CR-ROP. Of those, 71.8% (242/337) were mild, i.e. ROP stage 1 to 3 without plus up to mid-peripheral zone III, 15.7% (53/337) prethreshold type-1 ROP in zone I (according to ETROP), and 12.5% (42/337) threshold in zone II (according to Cryo-ROP). Zone I disease was present in 3.3% (11/337), zone II disease in 76.5% (258/337), and zone III disease in 20.2% (68/337). Forty-six babies developed a more severe ROP stage i.e. STR-ROP, making a final treatment decision by a specialist BIO examination necessary: 34 were from peripheral NICUs, and 12 from the local NICU (Table 5). All STR-ROP stages were detected with the RetCam120, i.e. the sensitivity was 100%, as none of the local ophthalmologists had reported a higher stage (it is however unknown whether the local ophthalmologists had detected all pathology diagnosed with WFDI at the Reading Centre). The paediatric data of the babies with STR-ROP are listed in Table 5. Following the ETROP classification done retrospectively for all children screened since 2001, 95 were type-1 or type-2 ROP: 67.4% (64/95) type-1, and 32.6% (31/95) type-2 ROP. All 12 infants from the local NICU and 30/34 infants from the peripheral NICUs were treated.

Table 3 Prevalence of ROP in dependence on GA in 335 infants
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Table 4 Prevalence of ROP in dependence on BW in 335 infants
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Table 5 Paediatric data of infants with suspected treatment-requiring ROP making a final treatment decision by BIO necessary (only infants screened in the 4 peripheral NICUs)
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To evaluate the positive predictive value as to treatment-requiring ROP (TR-ROP), only the 34 infants with STR-ROP from the peripheral NICUs were considered. In those 34 infants, specialist BIO exams were performed to ultimately determine the need for treatment. Twenty-eight infants were treated at the first referral, two infants after further follow-up examinations, and in four infants the disease regressed spontaneously. The overall positive predictive value for TR-ROP was 88.2%: 82.4% at the first referral, and 88.2% at further follow-up.

Significance of evaluating the anterior segment

Starting from January 2002, imaging of the anterior segment was added to the protocol. In all eyes with significant ROP for which we had readable images, a dilated persistent tunica vasculosa lentis TVL and iris hyperaemia were always present at the time of STR-ROP. No eye without TVL received treatment. As good quality anterior segment images were not available for all infants, the overall percentage of eyes with ROP and persistent TVL, and the fraction of those that had STR-ROP could not be evaluated. Examples of persistent TVL are shown in Fig. 3. Imaging of the anterior segment appears important in the assessment of STR-ROP.

Fig. 3
figure 3

Examples of iris at the time of treatment-requiring ROP. A Almost complete tunica vasculosa lentis with massive vessel dilatation. B Partial tunica vasculosa lentis, clearly hyperaemic. C Only minimal tunica vasculosa lentis. Severe engorgement of the iris vessels

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Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO) versus digital imaging

Although both BIO and WFDI with the RetCam120 were recommended in our study protocol, no systematic documentation of the actual number of dual examinations is available from the NICUs outside Regensburg, nor concerning the order of examinations, i.e. BIO first or digital imaging first. It is noteworthy that none of the peripheral ophthalmologists reported on higher ROP stages with BIO compared to our results from WFDI analysis.

A subset of 41 consecutive infants (63 image sets, 125 eyes) screened in the NICU in Regensburg received dual masked examinations; BIO from an experienced paediatric ophthalmologist (HE), and WFDI from a senior resident. The images were reevaluated in 2008 by the senior ophthalmologist B.L. BW ranged from 560 g to 1,880 g (mean 1,357 g, SD 288 g), GA from 24–33 weeks (mean 30 wks, SD 2 wks). The infants received one to eight examinations (mean 1.6). Agreement was found for 53 examinations, i.e. in 84%. Disagreement was seen in ten examinations (16%); in five examinations (8%), BIO reported a higher stage, and in five examinations (8%), the RetCam images indicated a higher stage. The highest stage seen in the eyes with disagreement was stage 2, peripheral zone II, and the largest difference was one stage in zone III. As to the classifications no ROP, CR-ROP and STR-ROP, no change in classification resulted in four of the ten examinations with disagreement (6.4%); in three instances, BIO found CR-ROP (stage 1, zone II–III) compared to no ROP with WFDI (4.8%), and in three instances, WFDI found CR-ROP (stage 1, zone II–III) compared to no ROP with BIO (4.8%).

Discussion

Several studies have investigated different issues for the use of the RetCam120 in the management of ROP [32–44, 47, 48]. In an early study by Yen et al., ROP-screening with the RetCam120 was performed by neonatal nurses in preterm babies at risk [33, 42]. Pictures were taken only at two points of time in the neonatal phase; at a PMA of 32–34 weeks, and at 38–40 weeks PMA. WFDI was considered to have an insufficient sensitivity to be recommended as a substitute for BIO in screening for ROP. Contrary to the WFDI, conventional BIO screening was performed according to the actual guidelines, i.e. every 2 weeks. Roth et al. also compared conventional screening with WFDI [34]. The sensitivity to detect stage 1 or 2 ROP in peripheral zone II or III with RetCam120 images was low. However, in those missed cases ROP regressed spontaneously. In a study by Schwartz et al. [32], telemedical evaluations and recommendations of WFDI were compared with conventional onsite evaluations and recommendations, to see if the local examiner and the remote examiner would reach the same conclusion for treatment. All but one of the 19 eyes examined had an advanced stage of ROP (at least prethreshold disease). They found agreement with both methods; in one instance, plus disease was correctly identified accurately with WFDI but not with BIO. Following the early rather pessimistic reports by Yen [33, 42], the same group has now published a series of papers evaluating in detail sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of WFDI and telemedicine for ROP screening [38–40]. In their paper from 2007, they report on sensitivity for type 2 prethreshold or worse ROP at PMA 35–37 weeks of 85.1% to 94.3% for three different, highly experienced graders, and 100% sensitivity for all three graders for TR-ROP, with a specificity of 80.6% to 94.1%. In this particular study, only three images were taken as a routine, which is different from the present study. Lately, the Photo-ROP study group has published design issues of their trial, which included establishing the information technology infrastructure for an ROP study based on digital imaging, defining the study endpoints, estimating event rates, defining a standardized imaging protocol, and defining standards for interpretation of image quality and clinical findings [45].

Detection of ROP with WFDI and with BIO

Our study reflects the typical population of preterm infants that a general ophthalmologist will see in Germany as a consultant in a NICU. Compared to some other studies using conventional screening with BIO, the incidence of CR-ROP (27.6%) in our total population of 1,222 premature babies appears comparable to the reported incidence of ROP in similarly immature babies (Table 6). When analyzing only children with a BW <1,250 g, the incidence of CR-ROP was 51.6% (253/490), and went up to 62.2% in children with a BW <1,000 g (171/275). These numbers are comparable to those reported in other series [42–44]. In our work, with a total of 1,222 babies screened between 2001 and 2006, no incidents were noted where TR-ROP was missed with timely RetCam120 examinations. When comparing BIO and RetCam images results in 125 eyes from 63 consecutive examinations screened in the NICU in Regensburg, agreement between the two methods was high, at 84%. Disagreement occurred for both BIO and WFDI reading, reporting a higher stage with the respective method, and thus questioning BIO as the gold standard. In the cases where BIO reported a higher stage of ROP, the disease was in peripheral zone III. A similar evaluation of the sensitivity was not possible in the NICUs outside Regensburg, due to the study design (which is certainly a limitation). However, it appears highly unlikely that treatable disease was missed, as all infants were followed until retinal vascularisation was complete, i.e. reaching out to mid-peripheral zone III, or any stage of ROP which had resolved spontaneously. Also, none of the local ophthalmologists reported on higher stages of CR-ROP with BIO compared to our image readings, or on undetected ROP at later follow-up. Therefore, we conclude that the sensitivity to detect STR-ROP was 100% in our study, and the overall positive predictive value to detect TR-ROP was 88.2%. This is a major achievement compared to 37% of late referrals (13/35 prematures) we had observed between 1992 and 1997 before starting our telemedical program using WFDI [21].

Table 6 Comparative data of incidence of ROP in infants at risk detected by screening with BIO and RetCam120 imaging
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Recently, Scott et al. [44] reported their results in a larger subset of infants questioning whether BIO should still be considered the gold standard for ROP screening. In fact, in an independent analysis of images from 134 eyes, two physicians had an intraphysician agreement between BIO and WFDI reading of 86.7% and 85.4% respectively. The 13.6% of misinterpretations were false negatives from BIO misjudging zone I, plus disease and mild ROP, and corroborates with our own findings. On the other hand, caution is still recommended, in particular in aggressive posterior ROP, as there is at least one observation that WFDI readings only 10 minutes apart showed very different degrees of severity [47].

STR-ROP versus RW-ROP

Ells and coworkers analysed the safety of telemedical classification of referral-warranted ROP RW-ROP [36]. They included all zone I disease, plus and stage 3 disease. In contrast, we defined STR-ROP as the stage we wanted to see referred for a BIO to take the final treatment decision. We chose this narrower definition to avoid unnecessary referrals as much as possible, but without increasing the risk for late referrals. Comparing the number of eyes with RW-ROP and with STR-ROP to eyes that finally received laser therapy in the two series, the different referral pattern becomes clear. Only 43.5% of eyes with RW-ROP (10/23 eyes) received laser therapy in the study by Ells, compared to 88.2% of the eyes with STR-ROP in the current study (30/34). The wider definition of RW-ROP by Ells may contain a higher level of safety. At the same time, this definition considerably lowers the positive predictive value as to TR-ROP. A high positive predictive value is, however, highly desirable to minimize the number of unnecessary transferrals of prematures that are stressful, hence potentially harmful, and also costly.

Limitations of WFDI

There is no doubt that DMFI faces limitations, just as examination with BIO does. In agreement with other authors [34, 35, 37], we consider image quality with the RetCam 120 to be suboptimal, in particular, for peripheral nasal zone II and peripheral zone III. Technical improvements to enhance image quality of peripheral retinal parts would be highly desirable. When using additional criteria such as degree of peripheral vessel arborisation and vessel diameter for image assessment, we were able to limit the number of infants whose retina could not be evaluated. We report that only 2.4% of the imaging sessions did not have sufficient image quality to assess the actual risk. This was not a major problem, as repeat examination yielded images with sufficient quality. In our experience, all users learned how to image after being instructed on only a few babies. Obtaining adequate pupillary dilation was crucial. In the case of insufficient image quality, we ordered the exam to be repeated within a week or less according to disease severity and degree of maturity of the infant. At follow-up, none of the infants with non-readable images at the initial exam developed any relevant ROP. Very small infants can be difficult to image peripherally; however, in most of these tiny babies at least the posterior pole can be imaged, and this is generally sufficient for risk assessment, if follow-up examinations are advised until vascularisation is complete in mid-peripheral zone III. There is also skill involved in reading the images. The stereo view of the BIO is missing, but is being replaced by learning to read subtle signs at the border of vascularisation. It is essential that experts who are familiar with both the funduscopic aspect with BIO and the appearance with the RetCam120 read the images, in order not to confuse stages 2 and 3 and peripheral stage 4. In this respect we would like to emphasize the importance of continuing to train young ophthalmologists with BIO to diagnose acute ROP. With these precautions, WFDI is a valuable screening tool.

Acceptance of our study by neonatologists and parents

Although no systematic survey of the acceptance has been conducted in this study, all 15 neonatologists directly involved in the study emphasized the advantage of having images of the retinal changes. They also felt that WFDI and image evaluation at the Reading Centre minimized the risk of blindness in the infants. All neonatologists stated that this outweighed the disadvantage of the longer time required for the exam of the infants. Examination time was highly examiner-dependent, and was only about 5 minutes per infant in the NICU in Regensburg, where imaging was performed by trained paediatric ophthalmologists of the Reading Centre. In the peripheral NICUs, paediatricians usually helped the ophthalmologists to code and collect the images, and to transmit the coded images via ISDN (phone line) and the coded paediatric data by fax or email. The parents’ compliance was evaluated from their consent to participate in the telemedicine program. Once detailed information had been provided by the neonatologist, virtually all parents consented to the telemedicine program. Only parents who had consented were included in the study.

Limitations of our study

The major limitation of our study is that comparison of WFDI and BIO was performed in only a fraction of infants. A comparison in all infants did not appear feasible, as in the peripheral NICUs screening was always performed by single ophthalmologists. So it cannot be excluded that WFDI was done after BIO, and that therefore the examiner was biased as to the result. A significant influence appears, however, unlikely given the limited quality of many image sets and the fact that BIO was—contrary to the protocol—not always added; this was reported by the paediatricians who helped with the examination. Bias was also minimized as the results of the local ophthalmologist´s examination were unknown to the readers at the Reading Centre, who based their diagnosis exclusively on reading of the images.

Cost-effectiveness of WFDI-based telemedicine

A recent study has looked into the cost-utility relationship of telemedicine with digital imaging compared to BIO [53]. Although such an evaluation is difficult due to the enormous complexity of factors and aspects involved, it would appear that telemedicine can be less expensive than BIO based on US rates of reimbursement. No formal analysis on the cost-effectiveness of our program has been done so far. However, given 100% sensitivity to detect STR-ROP, and comparing this to 37% late referrals to the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Regensburg between 1992 and 1997, with consecutive blindness in 62% of the infants (8/13) and unilateral blindness in 38% (5/13), the benefit of our program, both from an economic and a medical standpoint would appear evident. However, caution is necessary when comparing incidence of very advanced ROP and treatment outcome in infants from two completely different time periods.

Conclusion

We demonstrate the use of WFDI to screen for CR-ROP in a routine clinical telemedical setting with ophthalmologists taking the images. At present, nurses or professional photographers are not using WFDI in Germany. With a documented sensitivity of 100% to detect STR-ROP and a positive predictive value of 88.2% for TR-ROP in a large cohort of 913 babies in four different peripheral NICUs, this approach is shown to be a safe and effective method to timely detect potentially blinding ROP, and compares favourably to the high percentage of late referrals we had seen before starting our telemedical program. We get support from a number of recent studies that have compared BIO with WFDI in several studies, yet with much smaller sample sizes. The weakness of our study is that no formal comparison of BIO and WFDI is available for the majority of the exams. Key to success are highly qualified image readers that have to be experienced with BIO as well. Beyond this, our database combining all relevant paediatric data with serial imaging of all prematures at risk for ROP also allows re-evaluating classification of TR-ROP according to evolving treatment indications, and provides an extraordinary resource for further investigations and research.