Abstract
Whether thymectomy is beneficial in elderly patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) is unclear. Thus, we assessed whether conducting thymectomy in MG patients aged ≥ 50 years is beneficial. This retrospective cohort study included patients with MG between 1990 and 2018. Thymectomy and control cohorts were selected from among the population of MG patients with an age at onset of ≥ 45 years and elevated concentrations of acetylcholine-receptor antibodies. Patients with evidence of thymic malignancy were excluded. Of these patients, those who underwent thymectomy at the age of ≥ 50 years were designated as the thymectomy group and those who received only medical treatment were designated as the medical treatment group. We compared the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America post-intervention status between the thymectomy and medical treatment groups. Landmark analysis was conducted with the landmark set at 24 months. A total of 34 and 105 patients were classified into the thymectomy and medical treatment groups, respectively. Before landmark analysis, the thymectomy group had a higher cumulative incidence of pharmacologic remission (p = 0.009) and complete stable remission (p = 0.022) than the medical treatment group. After landmark analysis, the thymectomy group had a 2.22-fold (95% confidence interval 1.01–4.80) increased chance of achieving pharmacologic remission compared to the medical treatment group after adjustment for age, sex, and disease severity. No significant difference was observed in the rate of relapse after pharmacological remission between the thymectomy (16.7%) and medical treatment groups (21.4%). In conclusion, thymectomy may have a beneficial effect in elderly patients with non-thymomatous generalized MG.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gilhus NE (2016) Myasthenia Gravis. N Engl J Med 375:2570–2581
Marx A, Pfister F, Schalke B, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Melms A, Strobel P (2013) The different roles of the thymus in the pathogenesis of the various myasthenia gravis subtypes. Autoimmun Rev 12:875–884
Kawaguchi N, Kuwabara S, Nemoto Y, Fukutake T, Arimura K, Osame M, Hattori T (2007) Effects of thymectomy on late-onset myasthenia gravis without thymoma. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109:858–861
Soleimani A, Moayyeri A, Akhondzadeh S, Sadatsafavi M, Shalmani HT, Soltanzadeh A (2004) Frequency of myasthenic crisis in relation to thymectomy in generalized myasthenia gravis: a 17-year experience. BMC Neurol 4:12
Wolfe GI, Kaminski HJ, Aban IB, Minisman G, Kuo HC, Marx A, Strobel P, Mazia C, Oger J, Cea JG, Heckmann JM, Evoli A, Nix W, Ciafaloni E, Antonini G, Witoonpanich R, King JO, Beydoun SR, Chalk CH, Barboi AC, Amato AA, Shaibani AI, Katirji B, Lecky BR, Buckley C, Vincent A, Dias-Tosta E, Yoshikawa H, Waddington-Cruz M, Pulley MT, Rivner MH, Kostera-Pruszczyk A, Pascuzzi RM, Jackson CE, Garcia Ramos GS, Verschuuren JJ, Massey JM, Kissel JT, Werneck LC, Benatar M, Barohn RJ, Tandan R, Mozaffar T, Conwit R, Odenkirchen J, Sonett JR, Jaretzki A, Newsom-Davis J, Cutter GR, Group MS (2016) Randomized trial of thymectomy in Myasthenia Gravis. N Engl J Med 375:511–522
Strobel P, Moritz R, Leite MI, Willcox N, Chuang WY, Gold R, Nix W, Schalke B, Kiefer R, Muller-Hermelink HK, Jaretzki Iii A, Newsom-Davis J, Marx A (2008) The ageing and myasthenic thymus: a morphometric study validating a standard procedure in the histological workup of thymic specimens. J Neuroimmunol 201–202:64–73
Romi F, Gilhus NE, Aarli JA (2006) Myasthenia gravis: disease severity and prognosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 183:24–25
Romi F, Gilhus NE, Varhaug JE, Myking A, Skeie GO, Aarli JA (2002) Thymectomy and anti-muscle autoantibodies in late-onset myasthenia gravis. Eur J Neurol 9:55–61
Uzawa A, Kawaguchi N, Kanai T, Himuro K, Oda F, Yoshida S, Yoshino I, Kuwabara S (2015) Two-year outcome of thymectomy in non-thymomatous late-onset myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 262:1019–1023
Jaretzki A, Barohn RJ, Ernstoff RM, Kaminski HJ, Keesey JC, Penn AS, Sanders DB (2000) Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards. Task Force of the Medical Scientific Advisory Board of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America. Neurology 55:16–23
Gleiss A, Oberbauer R, Heinze G (2018) An unjustified benefit: immortal time bias in the analysis of time-dependent events. Transpl Int 31:125–130
Cea G, Benatar M, Verdugo RJ, Salinas RA (2013) Thymectomy for non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008111.pub2:Cd008111
Gronseth GS, Barohn RJ (2000) Practice parameter: thymectomy for autoimmune myasthenia gravis (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 55:7–15
Werneck LC, Cunha FM, Scola RH (2000) Myasthenia gravis: a retrospective study comparing thymectomy to conservative treatment. Acta Neurol Scand 101:41–46
Beekman R, Kuks JB, Oosterhuis HJ (1997) Myasthenia gravis: diagnosis and follow-up of 100 consecutive patients. J Neurol 244:112–118
Beghi E, Antozzi C, Batocchi AP, Cornelio F, Cosi V, Evoli A, Lombardi M, Mantegazza R, Monticelli ML, Piccolo G et al (1991) Prognosis of myasthenia gravis: a multicenter follow-up study of 844 patients. J Neurol Sci 106:213–220
Donaldson DH, Ansher M, Horan S, Rutherford RB, Ringel SP (1990) The relationship of age to outcome in myasthenia gravis. Neurology 40:786–790
Evoli A, Batocchi AP, Minisci C, Di Schino C, Tonali P (2000) Clinical characteristics and prognosis of myasthenia gravis in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:1442–1448
Gilhus NE, Verschuuren JJ (2015) Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol 14:1023–1036
de Perrot M, Licker M, Spiliopoulos A (2001) Factors influencing improvement and remission rates after thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. Respiration 68:601–605
El-Medany Y, Hajjar W, Essa M, Al-Kattan K, Hariri Z, Ashour M (2003) Predictors of outcome for myasthenia gravis after thymectomy. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 11:323–327
Mantegazza R, Baggi F, Bernasconi P, Antozzi C, Confalonieri P, Novellino L, Spinelli L, Ferro MT, Beghi E, Cornelio F (2003) Video-assisted thoracoscopic extended thymectomy and extended transsternal thymectomy (T-3b) in non-thymomatous myasthenia gravis patients: remission after 6 years of follow-up. J Neurol Sci 212:31–36
Tansel T, Onursal E, Barlas S, Tireli E, Alpagut U (2003) Results of surgical treatment for nonthymomatous myasthenia gravis. Surg Today 33:666–670
Nakahara K, Nakane S, Nakajima M, Yamashita S, Mori T, Ando Y (2017) Effect of thymectomy for thymic atrophy in myasthenia gravis: a retrospective study on 93 patients. J Neuroimmunol 305:182–185
Chen Z, Luo H, Peng Y, Cai L, Zhang J, Su C, Zou J (2011) Comparative clinical features and immune responses after extended thymectomy for myasthenia gravis in patients with atrophic versus hyperplastic thymus. Ann Thoracic Surg 91:212–218
Pirronti T, Rinaldi P, Batocchi AP, Evoli A, Di Schino C, Marano P (2002) Thymic lesions and myasthenia gravis. Diagnosis based on mediastinal imaging and pathological findings. Acta Radiol 43:380–384
Priola AM, Priola SM (2014) Imaging of thymus in myasthenia gravis: from thymic hyperplasia to thymic tumor. Clin Radiol 69:e230–e245
Nicolaou S, Muller NL, Li DK, Oger JJ (1996) Thymus in myasthenia gravis: comparison of CT and pathologic findings and clinical outcome after thymectomy. Radiology 201:471–474
Ishii W, Matsuda M, Hanyuda M, Momose M, Nakayama J, Ehara T, Ikeda S (2007) Comparison of the histological and immunohistochemical features of the thymus in young- and elderly-onset myasthenia gravis without thymoma. J Clin Neurosci 14:110–115
Marx A, Pfister F, Schalke B, Nix W, Strobel P (2012) Thymus pathology observed in the MGTX trial. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1275:92–100
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean government (MSIP) (No. 2016R1C1B1010120).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
None of the authors has any conflicts of interest to disclose.
Ethics approval
The study including human participants has been approved by the Severance Hospital Institutional Review Board (Approval No. 4-2018-0869) and has, therefore, been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, S.W., Choi, YC., Kim, S.M. et al. Effect of thymectomy in elderly patients with non-thymomatous generalized myasthenia gravis. J Neurol 266, 960–968 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09222-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09222-2