Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Update on opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in adults

  • Neurological Update
  • Published:
Journal of Neurology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in adults is a rare and heterogeneous disorder with the clinical features of opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, and behavioral and sleep disturbances. The pathophysiology is thought to be immunological on the basis of paraneoplastic or infectious etiologies. Immunomodulatory therapies should be performed although the response may be incomplete. A number of autoantibodies have been identified against a variety of antigens, but no diagnostic immunological marker has yet been identified. This review focuses on underlying mechanisms of opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome, including findings that have been identified recently, and provides an update on the clinical features and treatments of this condition.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The neurology of eye movements [online]. Print ISBN-13: 9780199969289. Published online: Jun 2015. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199969289.001.0001

  2. Pang KK, de Sousa C, Lang B, Pike MG (2010) A prospective study of the presentation and management of dancing eye syndrome/opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in the United Kingdom. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 14:156–161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Rothenberg AB, Berdon WE, D’Angio GJ, Yamashiro DJ, Cowles RA (2009) The association between neuroblastoma and opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome: a historical review. Pediatr Radiol 39:723–726

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Luque FA, Furneaux HM, Ferziger R et al (1991) Anti-Ri—an antibody associated with paraneoplastic opsoclonus and breast-cancer. Ann Neurol 29:241–251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Bataller L, Rosenfeld MR, Graus F, Vilchez JJ, Cheung NKV, Dalmau J (2003) Autoantigen diversity in the opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Ann Neurol 53:347–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Armangue T, Sabater L, Torres-Vega E et al (2016) Clinical and immunological features of opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in the era of neuronal cell surface antibodies. JAMA Neurol 73:417–424

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Herman TE, Siegel MJ (2009) Ataxia without opsoclonus: right lumbar sympathetic trunk neuroblastoma. Clin Pediatr 48:336–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Krug P, Schleiermacher G, Michon J et al (2010) Opsoclonus–myoclonus in children associated or not with neuroblastoma. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 14:400–409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Digre KB (1986) Opsoclonus in adults. Report of three cases and review of the literature. Arch Neurol 43:1165–1175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Whiteley AM, Swash M, Urich H (1976) Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity. Brain 99:27–42

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. McKeon A, Pittock SJ, Glass GA et al (2007) Whole-body tremulousness: isolated generalized polymyoclonus. Arch Neurol 64:1318–1322

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tate ED, Allison TJ, Pranzatelli MR, Verhulst SJ (2005) Neuroepidemiologic trends in 105 US cases of pediatric opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 22:8–19

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. De Grandis E, Parodi S, Conte M et al (2009) Long-term follow-up of neuroblastoma-associated opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. Neuropediatrics 40:103–111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Matthay KK, Blaes F, Hero B et al (2005) Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome in neuroblastoma a report from a workshop on the dancing eyes syndrome at the advances in neuroblastoma meeting in Genoa, Italy, 2004. Cancer Lett 228:275–282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Pranzatelli MR (1996) The immunopharmacology of the opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol 19:1–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Anderson NE, Buddesteffen C, Rosenblum MK et al (1988) Opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, and encephalopathy in adults with cancer—a distinct para-neoplastic syndrome. Medicine 67:100–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Antunes NL, Khakoo Y, Matthay KK et al (2000) Antineuronal antibodies in patients with neuroblastoma and paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 22:315–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Peterson K, Rosenblum MK, Kotanides H, Posner JB (1992) Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. I. A clinical analysis of 55 anti-Yo antibody-positive patients. Neurology 42:1931–1937

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Rosenfeld MR, Eichen JG, Wade DF, Posner JB, Dalmau J (2001) Molecular and clinical diversity in paraneoplastic immunity to Ma proteins. Ann Neurol 50:339–348

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Wong AM, Musallam S, Tomlinson RD, Shannon P, Sharpe JA (2001) Opsoclonus in three dimensions: oculographic, neuropathologic and modelling correlates. J Neurol Sci 189:71–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kurian M, Lalive PH, Dalmau JO, Horvath J (2010) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis. Arch Neurol 67:118–121

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Saiz A, Dalmau J, Butler MH et al (1999) Anti-amphiphysin I antibodies in patients with paraneoplastic neurological disorders associated with small cell lung carcinoma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:214–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Bataller L, Graus F, Saiz A, Vilchez JJ, Spanish Opsoclonus–myoclonus Study G (2001) Clinical outcome in adult onset idiopathic or paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus. Brain 124:437–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Yu Z, Kryzer TJ, Griesmann GE, Kim K, Benarroch EE, Lennon VA (2001) CRMP-5 neuronal autoantibody: marker of lung cancer and thymoma-related autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 49:146–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Bataller L, Rosenfeld MR, Graus F, Vilchez JJ, Cheung NK, Dalmau J (2003) Autoantigen diversity in the opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Ann Neurol 53:347–353

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Noetzel MJ, Cawley LP, James VL, Minard BJ, Agrawal HC (1987) Anti-neurofilament protein antibodies in opsoclonus–myoclonus. J Neuroimmunol 15:137–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Dropcho EJ, Kline LB, Riser J (1993) Antineuronal (anti-Ri) antibodies in a patient with steroid-responsive opsoclonus–myoclonus. Neurology 43:207–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Pittock SJ, Lucchinetti CF, Lennon VA (2003) Anti-neuronal nuclear autoantibody type 2: paraneoplastic accompaniments. Ann Neurol 53:580–587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bataller L, Graus F, Saiz A, Vilchez JJ, Study SOM (2001) Clinical outcome in adult onset idiopathic or paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus. Brain 124:437–443

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Scholz J, Vieregge P, Ruff C (1994) Paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in metastatic ovarian-carcinoma. J Neurol Neurosur Ps 57:763–764

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Caviness JN, Forsyth PA, Layton DD, Mcphee TJ (1995) The movement disorder of adult opsoclonus. Mov Disord 10:22–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Jongen JLM, Moll WJB, Smitt PAES, Vecht CJ, Tijssen CC (1998) Anti-Ri positive opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia in ovarian duct cancer. J Neurol 245:691–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Moretti R, Torre P, Antonello RM, Nasuelli D, Cazzato G (2000) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome: gabapentin as a new therapeutic proposal. Eur J Neurol 7:455–456

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lou E, Hensley ML, Lassman AB, Aghajanian C (2010) Paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome secondary to immature ovarian teratoma. Gynecol Oncol 117:382–384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. De Luca S, Terrone C, Crivellaro S et al (2002) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome as a paraneoplastic manifestation of renal cell carcinoma—a case report and review of the literature. Urol Int 68:206–208

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kumar A, Lajara-Nanson WA, Neilson RW (2005) Paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome: initial presentation of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. J Neuro Oncol 73:43–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Berger JR, Mehari E (1999) Paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus secondary to malignant melanoma. J Neuro Oncol 41:43–45

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Jung KY, Youn J, Chung CS (2006) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in an adult with malignant melanoma. J Neurol 253:942–943

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Blaes F, Pike MG, Lang B (2008) Autoantibodies in childhood opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. J Neuroimmunol 201:221–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Klaas JP, Ahlskog JE, Pittock SJ et al (2012) Adult-onset opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Arch Neurol 69:1598–1607

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Hersh B, Dalmau J, Dangond F, Gultekin S, Geller E, Wen PY (1994) Paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus associated with anti-Hu antibody. Neurology 44:1754–1755

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Smith JH, Dhamija R, Moseley BD et al (2011) N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor autoimmune encephalitis presenting with opsoclonus–myoclonus treatment response to plasmapheresis. Arch Neurol-Chicago 68:1069–1072

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Josephson CB, Grant I, Benstead T (2009) Opsoclonus–myoclonus with multiple paraneoplastic syndromes and VGCC antibodies. Can J Neurol Sci 36:512–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Simister RJ, Ng K, Lang B, Beckles M, Chao D, McCabe DJH (2011) Sequential fluctuating paraneoplastic ocular flutter-opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome in small-cell lung cancer. J Neurol Neurosur Ps 82:344–346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Dalakas MC (2008) Invited article: inhibition of B cell functions—implications for neurology. Neurology 70:2252–2260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pranzatelli MR, Travelstead AL, Tate ED et al (2004) B- and T-cell markers in opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome: immunophenotyping of CSF lymphocytes. Neurology 62:1526–1532

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, McGee NR et al (2013) BAFF/APRIL system in pediatric OMS: relation to severity, neuroinflammation, and immunotherapy. J Neuroinflamm 10:10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Raffaghello L, Conte M, De Grandis E, Pistoia V (2009) Immunological mechanisms in opsoclonus–myoclonus associated neuroblastoma. EJPN 13:219–223

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Fuhlhuber V, Altenkamper S, Bick S et al (2008) Serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels of the B-cell activating factor BAFF in paediatric opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome—correlation with neuronal surface-binding autoantibodies. J Neurol 255:54–54

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Hoefgen ER, Swan JA, Colliver JA (2008) Therapeutic down-regulation of central and peripheral B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) production in pediatric opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Cytokine 44:26–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Wong A (2007) An update on opsoclonus. Curr Opin Neurol 20:25–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Scott KM, Parker F, Heckmann JM (2009) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome and HIV-infection. J Neurol Sci 284:192–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Huber BM, Strozzi S, Steinlin M, Aebi C, Fluri S (2010) Mycoplasma pneumoniae associated opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in three cases. Eur J Pediatr 169:441–445

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Flabeau O, Meissner W, Foubert-Samier A, Guehl D, Desbordes P, Tison F (2009) Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome in the context of Salmonellosis. Mov Disord 24:2306–2308

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Zaganas I, Prinianakis G, Xirouchaki N, Mavridis M (2007) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome associated with cytomegalovirus encephalitis. Neurology 68:1636

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Crawford JR, Kadom N, Santi MR, Mariani B, Lavenstein BL (2007) Human herpesvirus 6 rhombencephalitis in immunocompetent children. J Child Neurol 22:1260–1268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Ertekin V, Tan H (2010) Opsoclonus–myoclonus Syndrome Attributable to Hepatitis C Infection. Pediatr Neurol 42:441–442

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ayarza A, Parisi V, Altclas J et al (2009) Opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome and HIV seroconversion. J Neurol 256:1024–1025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Kanjanasut N, Phanthumchinda K, Bhidayasiri R (2010) HIV-related opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome: report on two cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 112:572–574

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Armangue T, Leypoldt F, Malaga I et al (2014) Herpes simplex virus encephalitis is a trigger of brain autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 75:317–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Verma A, Brozman B (2002) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome following Epstein-Barr virus infection. Neurology 58:1131–1132

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Khosla JS, Edelman MJ, Kennedy N, Reich SG (2005) West Nile virus presenting as opsoclonus–myoclonus cerebellar ataxia. Neurology 64:1095–1095

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Krasenbrink I, Fuhlhuber V, Juhasz-Boess I et al (2007) Increased prevalence of autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies in parents of children with opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (OMS). Neuropediatrics 38:114–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Markakis I, Alexiou E, Xifaras M, Gekas G, Rombos A (2008) Opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome with autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 110:619–621

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cardoso F (2002) Chorea gravidarum. Arch Neurol-Chicago 59:868–870

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Koide R, Sakamoto M, Tanaka K, Hayashi H (2004) Opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome during pregnancy. J Neuro-Ophthalmol 24:273–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Zee DS, Robinson DA (1979) A hypothetical explanation of saccadic oscillations. Ann Neurol 5:405–414

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ridley A, Kennard C, Scholtz CL, Buttner-Ennever JA, Summers B, Turnbull A (1987) Omnipause neurons in two cases of opsoclonus associated with oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Brain 110(Pt 6):1699–1709

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Ashe J, Hain TC, Zee DS, Schatz NJ (1991) Microsaccadic flutter. Brain 114(Pt 1B):461–472

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bhidayasiri R, Somers JT, Kim JI et al (2001) Ocular oscillations induced by shifts of the direction and depth of visual fixation. Ann Neurol 49:24–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Shaikh AG, Ramat S, Optican LM, Miura K, Leigh RJ, Zee DS (2008) Saccadic burst cell membrane dysfunction is responsible for saccadic oscillations. J Neuroophthalmol 28:329–336

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Ramat S, Leigh RJ, Zee DS, Optican LM (2005) Ocular oscillations generated by coupling of brainstem excitatory and inhibitory saccadic burst neurons. Exp Brain Res 160:89–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Ramat S, Leigh RJ, Zee DS, Optican LM (2007) What clinical disorders tell us about the neural control of saccadic eye movements. Brain 130:10–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Helmchen C, Rambold H, Sprenger A, Erdmann C, Binkofski F (2003) f MRIs. Cerebellar activation in opsoclonus: an fMRI study. Neurology 61:412–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. van Toorn R, Rabie H, Warwick JM (2005) Opsoclonus–myoclonus in an HIV-infected child on antiretroviral therapy-possible immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 9:423–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Blumkin L, Kivity S, Lev D et al (2012) A compound heterozygous missense mutation and a large deletion in the KCTD7 gene presenting as an opsoclonus–myoclonus ataxia-like syndrome. J Neurol 259:2590–2598

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Oh SY, Boegle R, Eulenburg PZ, Ertl M, Kim JS, Dieterich M (2017) Longitudinal multi-modal neuroimaging in opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. J Neurol 264:512–519

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Sperry RW (1950) Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. J Comp Physiol Psychol 43:482–489

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Paus T, Marrett S, Worsley KJ, Evans AC (1995) Extraretinal modulation of cerebral blood flow in the human visual cortex: implications for saccadic suppression. J Neurophysiol 74:2179–2183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Burr DC, Morrone MC, Ross J (1994) Selective suppression of the magnocellular visual pathway during saccadic eye movements. Nature 371:511–513

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Blaes F, Fuhlhuber V, Korfei M et al (2005) Surface-binding autoantibodies to cerebellar neurons in opsoclonus syndrome. Ann Neurol 58:313–317

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Travelstead AL et al (2006) Rituximab (anti-CD20) adjunctive therapy for opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 28:585–593

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Shenoy S, Travelstead AL (2012) Ofatumumab for a rituximab-allergic child with chronic-relapsing paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus. Pediatr Blood Cancer 58:988–991

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Rudnick E, Khakoo Y, Antunes NL et al (2001) Opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in neuroblastoma: clinical outcome and antineuronal antibodies-a report from the Children’s Cancer Group Study. Med Pediatr Oncol 36:612–622

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Mitchell WG, Davalos-Gonzalez Y, Brumm VL et al (2002) Opsoclonus-ataxia caused by childhood neuroblastoma: developmental and neurologic sequelae. Pediatrics 109:86–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Hammer MS, Larsen MB, Stack CV (1995) Outcome of children with opsoclonus–myoclonus regardless of etiology. Pediatr Neurol 13:21–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Rostasy K, Wilken B, Baumann M et al (2006) High dose pulsatile dexamethasone therapy in children with opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome. Neuropediatrics 37:291–295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Ertle F, Behnisch W, Al Mulla NA et al (2008) Treatment of neuroblastoma-related opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome with high-dose dexamethasone pulses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 50:683–687

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Gorman MP (2010) Update on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis in opsoclonus–myoclonus-ataxia syndrome. Curr Opin Pediatr 22:745–750

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. de Alarcon PA, Matthay KK, London WB et al (2018) Intravenous immunoglobulin with prednisone and risk-adapted chemotherapy for children with opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome associated with neuroblastoma (ANBL00P3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Child Adolesc 2:25–34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Wilken B, Baumann M, Bien CG, Hero B, Rostasy K, Hanefeld F (2008) Chronic relapsing opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome: combination of cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone pulses. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 12:51–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Pranzatelli MR, Tate ED, Galvan I, Wheeler A (2001) Controlled pilot study of piracetam for pediatric opsoclonus–myoclonus. Clin Neuropharmacol 24:352–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Mitchell WG, Wooten AA, O’Neil SH, Rodriguez JG, Cruz RE, Wittern R (2015) Effect of increased immunosuppression on developmental outcome of opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome (OMS). J Child Neurol 30:976–982

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Aarsen FK, van Hemsbergen MLC, van Noesel MM, Hakvoort-Cammel FGAJ, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM (2009) Improvement of neurological status and quality of life in children with opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome at long-term follow-up. Pediatr Blood Cancer 53:1048–1053

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sun-Young Oh.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Oh, SY., Kim, JS. & Dieterich, M. Update on opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome in adults. J Neurol 266, 1541–1548 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9138-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9138-7

Keywords

Navigation