Abstract
The persistence of DNA on washed items as well as the DNA transfer has become a major subject of research in recent years, especially after the detectability of minor DNA traces was heavily increased by sensitive analysis methods. Nowadays, the attribution of a DNA trace to an individual is only rarely questioned, whereas the way of application of this DNA to an item is subject to much discussion and speculation. Additionally, the removal of DNA by cleaning or its possible persistence on an item despite a cleaning process are often important problems in court. The aim of this study was to investigate whether DNA traces (blood, saliva, epithelial cells) on different objects (knives, plates, glasses, and plastic lids) can persist on the surface despite cleaning by different methods like hand-washing or the use of a dishwasher. In total, 120 samples were collected from artificially constructed blood, saliva, and epithelial cell stains on objects with smooth surfaces after washing and analyzed by STR amplification. Samples taken after rinsing or hand-washing resulted mainly in complete DNA profiles (62.5% of samples), while cleaning in the dishwasher rendered almost everything completely DNA-free. Since in the hand-washing experiments a secondary transfer of DNA through the water could not be ruled out, additional transfer experiments were conducted with blood and saliva samples on plates. Here, a carryover of DNA traces could be demonstrated up to the fifth washed item.
References
Van Oorschot RAH, Szkuta B, Meakin GE, Kokshoorn B, Goray M (2019) DNA transfer in forensic science: a review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 38:140–166
Gosch A, Courts C (2019) On DNA transfer: the lack and difficulty of systematic research an how to do it better. Forensis Sci Int Genet 40:24–36
Mushtaq S, Rasool N, Firiyal S (2016) Detection of dry bloodstains on different fabrics after washing with commercially available detergents. Aust J Forensic Sci 48:87–94
Salahuddin Z, Yasir Zahoor M, Kalsoom S, Rakha A (2018) You cannot hide encoded evidence: DNA recovery from different fabrics after washing. Aust J Forensic Sci 50:355–360
Kamphausen T, Fandel SB, Gutmann JS, Bajanowski T, Poetsch M (2015) Everything clean? Transfer of DNA traces between textiles in the washtub. Int J Legal Med 129:709–714
Kulstein G, Wiegand P (2018) Comprehensive examination of conventional and innovative body fluid identification approaches and DNA profiling of laundered blood- and saliva-stained pieces of cloths. Int J Legal Med 132:67–81
Brayley-Morris H, Sorrell A, Revoir AP, Meakin GE, Court DS, Morgan RM (2015) Persistence of DNA from laundered semen stains: implications for child sex trafficking cases. Forensic Sci Int Genet 19:165–171
Edler C, Gehl A, Kohwagner J, Walther M, Krebs O, Augustin C, Klein A (2017) Blood trace evidence on washed textiles - a systematic approach. Int J Legal Med 131:1179–1189
Edler C, Gehl A, Kohwagner J, Walther M, Krebs O, Augustin C, Klein A (2017) Erratum to: blood trace evidence on washed textiles - a systematic approach. Int J Legal Med 131:1191
Schwark T, Poetsch M, Preusse-Prange A, Kamphausen T, von Wurmb-Schwark N (2012) Phantoms in the mortuary--DNA transfer during autopsies. Forensic Sci Int 216:121–126
Szkuta B, Oorschot R, Ballantyne KN (2017) DNA decontamination of fingerprint brushes. Forensic Sci Int 277:41–50
Helmus J, Pfeifer M, Feiner LK, Krause LJ, Bajanowski T, Poetsch M (2019) Unintentional effects of cleaning a crime scene-when the sponge becomes an accomplice in DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 133:759–765
Voskoboinik L, Amiel M, Reshef A, Gafny R, Barash M (2018) Laundry in a washing machine as a mediator of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 132(2):373–378
Kamphausen T, Schadendorf D, von Wurmb-Schwark N, Bajanowski T, Poetsch M (2012) Good shedder or bad shedder-the influence of skin diseases on forensic DNA analysis from epithelial abrasions. Int J Legal Med 126:179–183
Poetsch M, Konrad H, Helmus J, Bajanowski T, von Wurmb-Schwark N (2016) Does zero really mean nothing?-first experiences with the new PowerQuant(TM) system in comparison to established real-time quantification kits. Int J Legal Med 130:935–940
Poetsch M, Bayer K, Ergin Z, Milbrath M, Schwark T, von Wurmb-Schwark N (2011) First experiences using the new Powerplex(R) ESX17 and ESI17 kits in casework analysis and allele frequencies for two different regions in Germany. Int J Legal Med 125:733–739
Burrill J, Daniel B, Frascione N (2019) A review of trace “Touch DNA” deposits: variability factors and an exploration of cellular composition. Forensic Sci Int Genet 39:8–18
Goray M, Eken E, Mitchell RJ, van Oorschot RA (2010) Secondary DNA transfer of biological substances under varying test conditions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 4:62–67
Goray M, Mitchell RJ, van Oorschot RA (2010) Investigation of secondary DNA transfer of skin cells under controlled test conditions. Leg Med (Tokyo) 12:117–120
Helmus J, Bajanowski T, Poetsch M (2016) DNA transfer-a never ending story. A study on scenarios involving a second person as carrier. Int J Legal Med 130:121–125
Verdon TJ, Mitchell RJ, van Oorschot RA (2013) The influence of substrate on DNA transfer and extraction efficiency. Forensic Sci Int Genet 7:167–175
Daly DJ, Murphy C, McDermott SD (2012) The transfer of touch DNA from hands to glass, fabric and wood. Forensic Sci Int Genet 6:41–46
Fonnelop AE, Egeland T, Gill P (2015) Secondary and subsequent DNA transfer during criminal investigation. Forensic Sci Int Genet 17:155–162
Wiegand P, Heimbold C, Klein R, Immel U, Stiller D, Klintschar M (2011) Transfer of biological stains from different surfaces. Int J Legal Med 125:727–731
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
All samples were obtained after informed consent and with approval of the Medical Ethics Committee at the University of Duisburg-Essen in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and national laws (ethic vote number 10-4579).
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 17 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Helmus, J., Poetsch, J., Pfeifer, M. et al. Cleaning a crime scene 2.0—what to do with the bloody knife after the crime?. Int J Legal Med 134, 171–175 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02162-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-019-02162-6