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Chromosome painting and comparative physical mapping of the sex chromosomes in Populus tomentosa and Populus deltoides

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Abstract

Dioecious species accounted for 6% of all plant species, including a number of crops and economically important species, such as poplar. However, sex determination and sex chromosome evolution have been studied only in few dioecious species. In poplar, the sex-determining locus was mapped to chromosome 19. Interestingly, this locus was mapped to either a peritelomeric or a centromeric region among different poplar species. We developed an oligonucleotide (oligo)-based chromosome painting probe based on the sequence of chromosome 19 from Populus trichocarpa. We performed chromosome painting in P. tomentosa and P. deltoides. Surprisingly, the distal end on the short arm of chromosome 19, which corresponds to the location of the sex-determining locus reported in several species, was not painted in both species. Thus, the DNA sequences associated with this region have not been anchored to the current chromosome 19 pseudomolecule, which was confirmed by painting of somatic metaphase chromosome 19 of P. trichocarpa. Interestingly, the unpainted distal ends of the two chromosome 19 did not pair at the pachytene stage in 22–24% of the meiotic cells in the two species, suggest that these regions from the sex chromosomes have structurally diverged from each other, resulting in the reduced pairing frequency. These results shed light on divergence of a pair of young sex chromosomes in poplar.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Dr. Qiang Cheng (Nanjing Forestry University, China) and Dr. Wenli Zhang (Nanjing Agriculture University, China) for their valuable discussion and advice for this research.

Funding

The research was supported by grant 31670603 from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant 16KJA220001 from the Jiangsu Provincial Key Basic Research Foundation for Universities, the Doctorate Fellowship Foundation of Nanjing Forestry University, and funds from the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.

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Author notes

  1. Haoyang Xin and Tao Zhang contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China/Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China

    Haoyang Xin, Jisen Shi & Mengli Xi

  2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China

    Tao Zhang

  3. The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China

    Yonghua Han

  4. The State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Bioinformatics Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

    Yufeng Wu

  5. Department of Plant Biology, Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA

    Jiming Jiang

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  1. Haoyang Xin
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Correspondence to Mengli Xi.

Electronic supplementary material

Fig. S1

Somatic metaphase painting of chromosome 19 in P. trichocarpa. The painting probe is detected by red color. The two arrows indicate the non-painted distal end of the chromosomes. Bars = 10 μm. (GIF 79 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 10133 kb)

Fig. S2

Oligo-based painting of chromosome 19 in Populus simonii. The painting probe is detected by red color. The telomeres of all chromosomes are detected by green color. (a) Painting of chromosome 19 of P. simonii. (b) The pachytene chromosome 19 in (a) was digitally straightened and aligned with the sequence map. The peritelomeric gap is marked by two yellow lines. The three FISH signal gaps are marked by green lines. (c) Locations of 26,929 (red) oligos along the sequence map of poplar chromosome 19. Note: the three FISH signal gaps are aligned with three large gaps in c that lack oligos. The middle gap is the putative position of the centromere of chromosome 19. Bars = 10 μm. (GIF 89 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 9833 kb)

Fig. S3

FISH mapping of five LRR genes (green signals) combined with the poplar chromosome 19 painting probe (red signals) in two Populus species. a FISH on a complete pachytene cell in P. tomentosa. b FISH on a complete pachytene cell in P. deltoides. Note: the five LRR genes (L1-L5) on chromosome 19 were indicated by the green arrows. The additional FISH signals, indicated by white arrows, were most likely derived from the cross-hybridization of the five probes to other LRR genes in the poplar genome. Bars = 10 μm. (GIF 66 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 6247 kb)

Fig. S4

FISH mapping of probe L4 (green signals), a telomeric DNA probe (TEL, green signals), and the chromosome 19 painting probe (red signals) in P. tomentosa. Note: L4 generated two separate FISH signals (green arrows) on the chromosome. Bar = 10 μm (GIF 56 kb)

High Resolution Image (TIFF 11428 kb)

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Xin, H., Zhang, T., Han, Y. et al. Chromosome painting and comparative physical mapping of the sex chromosomes in Populus tomentosa and Populus deltoides. Chromosoma 127, 313–321 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00412-018-0664-y

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