Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate dosimetry systems used for stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), specifically 2D array dosimetry and film dosimetry systems, for exploring their characteristics and clinical suitability. For this, high-resolution myQA SRS detectors and Gafchromic EBT-XD films were employed. Film analysis included net optical density (OD) values depending on energy, dose rate, scanner orientation, scanning side, and post-exposure growth. For myQA SRS, signal values were evaluated in terms of dose rate (400–1400 MU/min) and angular dependence (0–180° at 30° intervals) along with couch angles of 0°, 45°, and 90°. Pre-treatment verification included 32 SBRT patients for whom myQA SRS results were compared with those obtained with Gafchromic EBT-XD films. Analysis revealed less than 1% deviation in net OD for energy and dose rate dependence. Scanner orientation caused 2.5% net OD variation, with minimal differences between film front and back scan orientations (variance < 1.0%). A rapid OD rise occurred within six hours post-exposure, followed by gradual increase. The myQA SRS detector showed − 3.7% dose rate dependence (400 MU/min), while the angular dependence at 90° was − 26.7%. A correction factor effectively reduced these differences to < 1%. For myQA SRS, gamma passing rates were—93.6% (2%/1 mm), while those for EBT-XD films were—92.8%. Improved rates were observed with 3%/1 mm: for myQA SRS—97.9%, and for EBT-XD film—98.16%. In contrast, for 2%/2 mm with 10% threshold, for myQA SRS—97.7% and for EBT-XD film—98.97% were obtained. It is concluded that both myQA SRS detectors and EBT-XD films are suitable for SBRT pre-treatment verification, ensuring accuracy and reliability. However, myQA SRS detectors are preferred over EBT-XD film due to the fact that they offer real-time measurements and user-friendly features.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Alharthi T, Pogson EM, Arumugam S, Holloway L, Thwaites D (2018) Pre-treatment verification of lung SBRT VMAT plans with delivery errors: toward a better understanding of the gamma index analysis. Phys Med 49:119–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.04.005
Alharthi T, Vial P, Holloway L, Thwaites D (2021) Intrinsic detector sensitivity analysis as a tool to characterize ArcCHECK and EPID sensitivity to variations in delivery for lung SBRT VMAT plans. J Appl Clin Med Phys 22(6):229–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13221
Aznar MC, Warren S, Hoogeman M, Josipovic M (2018) The impact of technology on the changing practice of lung SBRT. Phys Med 47:129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.12.020
Benedict SH, Yenice KM, Followill D, Galvin JM, Hinson W, Kavanagh B, Keall P, Lovelock M, Meeks S, Papiez L, Purdie T, Sadagopan R, Schell MC, Salter B, Schlesinger DJ, Shiu AS, Solberg T, Song DY, Stieber V, Timmerman R, Tomé WA, Verellen D, Wang L, Yin FF (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy: the report of AAPM task group 101. Med Phys. Doi 10(1118/1):3438081
Boh S, Li L, Kuo C, Li T, Li X, Ballangrud AM, Lovelock M, Chan MF (2022) Comparative study of SRS end-to-end QA processes of a diode array device and an anthropomorphic phantom loaded with GafChromic XD film. J Appl Clin Med Ph 23:e13747. https://doi.org/10.1002/acm2.13747
Bruschi A, Esposito M, Pini S, Ghirelli A, Zatelli G, Russo S (2017) How the detector resolution affects the clinical significance of SBRT pre-treatment quality assurance results. Phys Med 49:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.11.012
Buonamici FB, Compagnucci A, Marrazzo L, Russo S, Bucciolini M (2007) An intercomparison between film dosimetry and diode matrix for IMRT quality assurance. Med Phys 34(4):1372–1379. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.2713426
Govindan R, Bogart J, Vokes EE (2008) Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: the past, present, and future. J Thorac Oncol 3(8):917–928. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e318180270b
Grams MP, Gustafson JM, Long KM, de los Santos LE, (2015) Technical note: initial characterization of the new EBT-XD Gafchromic film. Med Phys 42(10):5782–5786. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4930058
Hussein M, Adams EJ, Jordan TJ, Clark CH, Nisbet A (2013) A critical evaluation of the PTW 2D-ARRAY seven29 and OCTAVIUS II phantom for IMRT and VMAT verification. J Appl Clin Med Phys. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v14i6.4460
Johary YH, Trapp J, Aamry A, Aamri H, Tamam N, Sulieman A (2021) The suitability of smartphone camera sensors for detecting radiation. Sci Rep. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92195-y
Lewis D, Micke A, Yu X, Chan MF (2012) An efficient protocol for radiochromic film dosimetry combining calibration and measurement in a single scan. Med Phys 39(10):6339–6350. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4754797
Miften M, Olch A, Mihailidis D, Moran J, Pawlicki T, Molineu A, Li H, Wijesooriya K, Shi J, Xia P, Papanikolaou N, Low DA (2018) Tolerance limits and methodologies for IMRT measurement-based verification QA: Recommendations of AAPM Task Group No. 218. Med Phys. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.12810
Miura H, Ozawa S, Hosono F, Sumida N, Okazue T, Yamada K, Nagata Y (2016) Gafchromic EBT-XD film: dosimetry characterization in high-dose, volumetric-modulated arc therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v17i6.6281
Niroomand-Rad A, Chiu-Tsao ST, Grams MP, Lewis DF, Soares CG, Van Battum LJ, Das IJ, Trichter S, Kissick MW, Massillon-Jl G, Alvarez PE, Chan MF (2020) Report of AAPM task group 235 radiochromic film dosimetry: an update to TG-55. Med Phys 47(12):5986–6025. https://doi.org/10.1002/mp.14497
Palmer AL, Bradley DA, Nisbet A (2015a) Evaluation and mitigation of potential errors in radiochromic film dosimetry due to film curvature at scanning. J Appl Clin Med Phys. https://doi.org/10.1120/jacmp.v16i2.5141
Palmer AL, Dimitriadis A, Nisbet A, Clark CH (2015b) Evaluation of Gafchromic EBT-XD film, with comparison to EBT3 film, and application in high dose radiotherapy verification. Phys Med Biol. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-915
Padelli F, Aquino D, Fariselli L, De Martin E (2022) IBA myQA SRS detector for cyberknife robotic radiosurgery quality assurance. Appl Sci 12(15):7791. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12157791
Santos T, Ventura T, Capela M, Mateus J, Lopes MDC (2021) A protocol for absolute dose verification of SBRT/SRS treatment plans using Gafchromic™ EBT-XD films. Phys Med 82:150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.01.082
Spang FJ, Rosenberg I, Hedin E, Royle G (2015) Photon small-field measurements with a CMOS active pixel sensor. Phys Med Biol. https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/11/4383
Stathakis S, Myers P, Esquivel C, Mavroidis P, Papanikolaou N (2013) Characterization of a novel 2D array dosimeter for patient-specific quality assurance with volumetric arc therapy. Med Phys 40(7):071731. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.4812415
Stepanek CJ, Haynes JA, Fletcher S (2023) Evaluation of a complementary metal oxide semiconductor detector as a tool for stereotactic body radiotherapy plan quality assurance. Phys Imaging Radiat Oncol 24(25):100418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phro.2023.100418
Van Hoey O, Salavrakos A, Marques A, Nagao A, Willems R, Vanhavere F, Cauwels V, Nascimento LF (2016) Radiation dosimetry properties of smartphone CMOS sensors. Radiat Prot Dosim 168(3):314–21. http://rpd.oxfordjournals.org/
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to Dr. Ravikumar, Dr. Tamilarasan, Mr. Sivakumar, Mr. Perumal, Mr. Abishake, Mr. Karthik, and Mr. Prakash for their invaluable support and guidance throughout this study and Mr. Resat Aydin from m/s Ashland ISP for permitting to use the FilmQA Pro software, and IBA Dosimetry for permitting to evaluate the performance of the myQA SRS detector.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
1. Responsible for conceiving and designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, writing the manuscript, conducting a literature review, revising the manuscript, and managing the submission process. 2. Provided comprehensive project supervision, offered mentorship to the first author, assisted in refining research concepts, and contributed to manuscript review and approval.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declare no conflict of interest
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Chinnaiya, D., Mudhana, G. Assessment of stereotactic high-resolution detectors for stereotactic body radiotherapy: comparative analysis between myQA® SRS and Gafchromic EBT-XD films. Radiat Environ Biophys 63, 203–214 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-024-01071-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-024-01071-6