Abstract
As a consequence of the increased use of renewable energy and the now long distances between energy generation and consumption, in Europe, electric power transfer by high-voltage (HV) direct current (DC) overhead power lines gains increasing importance. Thousands of kilometers of them are going to be built within the next years. However, existing guidelines and regulations do not yet contain recommendations to limit static electric fields, which are one of the most important criteria for HVDC overhead power lines in terms of tower design, span width and ground clearance. Based on theoretical and experimental data, in this article, static electric fields associated with adverse health effects are analysed and various criteria are derived for limiting static electric field strengths.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adapa R (2012) High wire act. IEEE Power Energy Magazin 10(6):18–29. doi:10.1109/MPE.2012.2213011
BGV B11 (2002) Elektromagnetische Felder. German Profess Assoc Standard (Berufsgenossenschaftliche Vorschrift)
Blondin J-P, Nguyen D-H, Sbeghen J, Goulet D, Cardinal C, Maruvada PS, Plante M, Nalley H (1996) Human perception of electric fields and ion currents associated with high-voltage DC transmission lines. Bioelectromagnet 17:230–241
Carter PJ (1987) Space charge measurements downwind from a monopolar 500 kV HVCD test line. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 3(4):2016–2063
CENELEC (2007) Low-voltage electrical installations—Part 4-41: Protection for safety—Protection against electric shock. CENELEC standard HD 60364–4-41
CENELEC (2009) Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 1: General requirements. CENELEC standard EN 60204–1:2006/A1
CENELEC (2011) Medical electrical equipment—Part 1: general requirements for basic safety and essential performance. CENELEC standard EN 60601–1:2006/A11
Clairmont BA, Johnson CB, Zaffanella LE, Zelingher S (1989) The effect of HVAC-HVDC line separation in a hybrid corridor. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 4(4):1338–1350
Delaplace LR, Reilly JP (1978) Electric and magnetic field coupling from high voltage AC power transmission lines—classification of short-term effects on people. IEEE Trans Power App Syst PAS 97(6):2243–2252
Deno DW, Comber MG (1975) Corona phenomena on AC transmission lines. In: Transmission line reference book 345 kV and above. Fred Weidner & Son Printers, Inc. New York pp 122–128
Deno DW, Zaffanella LE (1975) Electrostatic effects of overhead transmission lines and stations. In: Transmission line reference book 345 kV and above. Fred Weidner & Son Printers, Inc. New York pp 248–280
EC (1999) Council recommendation 1999/519/EC on limiting the public exposure to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz). OJEC L199/59
EC (2010) Analysis of options to move beyond 20% greenhouse gas emission reductions and assessing the risk of carbon leakage. Communication EU Commission COM 2010/265
EC (2011) Energy efficiency plan. Communication EU Commission COM 2011/0109
Felix O, Obermann R, Hermann M, Zeltner S (2012) Neue Netze für neue Energien. http://www.netzentwicklungsplan.de
FRG (2013) Ordinance on electromagnetic fields and judicial telecommunication evidence procedure. 26.BImSchV, Federal Republic Gernamy, BGBl I S 3266
ICNIRP (2009) Guidelines on limits of exposure to static magnetic fields. Health Phys 96(4):504–514
ICNIRP (2010) Guidelines for restricting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields (1 Hz to 100 kHz). Health Phys 99(6):818–836
IEC/TS 60479-1 (2006) Effects of current on human being and livestock—Part 1: General aspects. IEC Technical Specification
IEC/TS 60479-2 (2007) Effects of current on human being and livestock—Part 2: Special aspects. IEC Technical Specification
IEEE C95.6 (2002) Safety levels with respect to human exposure to electromagnetic fields, 0-3 kHz. IEEE standard 2002 (R2007)
Larkin WD, Reilly JP, Kittler LB (1986) Individual differences in sensitivity to transient electrocutaneous stimulation. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 33(5):495–503
Maruvada PS (2012) Electric field ion current environment of HVDC transmission lines: comparison of calculations and measurements. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 22(1):401–410
Maruvada PS, Dallaire RD, Héroux P, Rivest N (1983) Long-term statistical study of the corona electric field and ion current performance of a ± 900 kV bipolar HBVDC transmission line configuration. IEEE Trans Power Appar Syst PAS-1031:76–83
McKinney AH (1962) Electrical ignition of combustible atmospheres. ISA Trans 1(1):45–64
ÖVE/ÖNORM E 8850 (2006) Elektrische, magnetische und elektromagnetische Felder im Frequenzbereich von 0 Hz bis 300 GHz—Beschränkung der Exposition von Personen. Austrian standard
Reilly JP (1992) Electrical stimulation and electropathology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Reilly JP, Diamant AM (2011) Electrostimulation. Artec House, London
Reilly JP, Larkin WD (1987) Human sensitivity to electric shock induced by power-frequency electric fields. IEEE Trans Electromagnet Compatibil 29(3):221–232
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Leitgeb, N. Limiting electric fields of HVDC overhead power lines. Radiat Environ Biophys 53, 461–468 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-014-0520-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00411-014-0520-2