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Direct nanoscale observations of degassing-induced crystallisation in felsic magmas

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Abstract

Water degassing plays a major role in magma transport and eruption by increasing liquidus temperatures, bubble and crystal volume fractions, and strongly affecting the viscosity of bulk magma. High spatial resolution textural analysis detailing the dynamics of bubble and crystal growth is key to unravelling the swift changes in magma crystallinity and gas content that affect the conditions of magma flow, fragmentation, and eruption. Ex situ observation of samples from a previous experimental study of magma degassing reveals that vesicles are surrounded by chemically heterogeneous residual glass that may be produced by newly formed minerals that are not observable at the microscale. Here, we present new in situ high-temperature (500–1100 °C), time-elapsed (every ~ 20 min at 200–800 °C, ~ 10 min at 900–1000 °C, and ~ 5 min at 1100 °C) observations of degassing of synthesised, hydrous (4.2 wt.% H2O) dacite glasses using scanning transmission electron microscopy at 0.4 nm resolution. The experiments reproduce degassing of a silicic melt by high-temperature heated stage mounted in the analytical instrument. We monitor the dynamics of nucleation and growth of nanobubbles that experience coalescence and formation of microbubbles and trigger the nucleation and growth of nanolites of plagioclase, clinopyroxene, Fe-Ti oxides, and quartz, at the expense of the residual melt. The ability to image degassing and crystallisation at nanoscale reveals a sequence of complex physical and chemical changes of the residual melt and shows that the kinetics of crystallisation in silicic melts is modulated by the melt’s ability to exsolve fluids that help form mineral nuclei and nanolites. Finally, we highlight that the competition between gas retention and crystallisation is initiated at the nanoscale and may anticipate the role of microlites in controlling rates of magma ascent in a volcanic conduit and modulating the style of the consequent volcanic eruption.

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Acknowledgements

NSF EAR-1220051 to A.W., NSF EAR-1347248 to E.C., SNF PZ00P2_168166, PBEZP2_14922, P3000P2_154574, and UGA Presidential Funds to M.P., and ERC Advanced Grant CRITMAG to J.D. Blundy supported this research. We acknowledge: T. Gooding and A. Mansur (Smithsonian) for support during SEM analyses; T. Rose (Smithsonian), A. Trucco (University of Florida), C. Henderson (CAMECA) for support during EPMA analyses; Alberto Luisoni AG (Switzerland) and Nabaltec AG (Germany) for supplying quartz crystals and APYRAL 60CD used in the starting materials. The authors thank two anonymous reviewers for their insightul analysis of an earlier version of this contribution and G. Moore for editorial handling.

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  1. Department of Geology, University of Georgia, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, Geography-Geology Building, 210 Field Street, Athens, GA, 30602-2501, USA

    Mattia Pistone

  2. Georgia Electron Microscopy Center, University of Georgia, Interdisciplinary STEM Research Building, 1, 302 East Campus Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

    Eric Formo

  3. Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA

    Alan G. Whittington

  4. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Missouri, 101 Geological Sciences, Columbia, MO, 65211-1380, USA

    Thomas Herbst

  5. Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 10th Street and Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20560, USA

    Elizabeth Cottrell

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Correspondence to Mattia Pistone.

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Pistone, M., Formo, E., Whittington, A.G. et al. Direct nanoscale observations of degassing-induced crystallisation in felsic magmas. Contrib Mineral Petrol 177, 38 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01900-1

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