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From static alteration to mylonitization: a nano- to micrometric study of chloritization in granitoids with implications for equilibrium and percolation length scales

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Abstract

Strain accommodation in upper crustal rocks is often accompanied by fluid-mediated crystallization of phyllosilicates, which influence rock strength and shear zone formation. The composition of these phyllosilicates is frequently used for pressure–temperature–time constraints of deformation events, although it is often highly heterogeneous, even in mylonites. This study investigates the reactions producing a phyllosilicate, chlorite, in and below greenschist-facies conditions and the variations in chlorite composition along a strain gradient in the Variscan Bielsa granitoid (axial zone, Pyrenees). Compositional maps of chlorite including iron speciation are compared to nanostructures observed by transmission electron microscopy in increasingly-strained samples and related to mechanisms of fluid percolation. In the Bielsa granitoid, altered at the late-Variscan, Alpine-age shear zones are found with high strain gradients. The undeformed granitoid exhibits local equilibria, pseudomorphic replacement, and high compositional heterogeneities in chlorite. This is attributed to variable reaction mechanisms at nanoscale and element supply, little interconnected intra- and inter-grain nanoporosity, and isolation of fluid evolving in local reservoirs. In samples with discrete and mm-sized fractures, channelized fluid triggered the precipitation of homogeneous Alpine chlorite in fractures, preserving late-Variscan chlorite within the matrix. In low-grade mylonites, where brittle–ductile deformation is observed, micro- and nanocracks and defects allow the fluid percolating into the matrix at the scale of hundreds of µm. This results in a more pervasive but incomplete replacement of late-Variscan chlorite by Alpine chlorite, despite the high strain. In studied granitoids deformed under greenschist-facies conditions, local equilibria and high compositional heterogeneities in phyllosilicates as chlorite are therefore preserved according to reaction mechanisms and element mobility controlled by (1) matrix-fracture porosity contrasts at nanoscale and (2) the location and interconnection of nanoporosity between crystallites of phyllosilicates. This preservation influences our ability to reconstruct the pre- and syn-kinematic metamorphic history of granitic rocks in low-grade units of orogens.

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Acknowledgements

This study was founded by the CNRS-BRGM-TOTAL ‘OROGEN’ project. We acknowledge two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their constructive comments. The STEM images were acquired using TEM national facility on the platform METSA. We also acknowledge Audrey Sauldubois for her support with the TEM at ICMN in Orléans. We thank David Troadec (University of Lille) and IEMN for FIB preparation and Michel Fialin, Nicolas Rividi and Omar Boudouma for their help with electron microscopy at ISTeP. We also thank Benjamin Watts for his support on the PolLux beamline at the SLS PSI. We acknowledge Cyril Durand and Emily Lloret (University of Lille) for the support to the SLS PSI and Cladio Rosenberg of ISTeP (Sorbonne Université) and Holger Stünitz (University of Trømso and Orléans) for enriching discussions.

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  1. Laura Airaghi

    Present address: CNRS, BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, Université of Orléans, 45071, Orléans, France

Authors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS-INSU, Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris, ISTeP UMR 7193, Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France

    Laura Airaghi, Benoit Dubacq, Anne Verlaguet & Nicolas Bellahsen

  2. ULR 4515-LGCgE, Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, Univ. Lille, IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Artois, Yncrea Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France

    Franck Bourdelle

  3. Laboratoire de Physique du Solide, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France

    Alexandre Gloter

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Airaghi, L., Dubacq, B., Verlaguet, A. et al. From static alteration to mylonitization: a nano- to micrometric study of chloritization in granitoids with implications for equilibrium and percolation length scales. Contrib Mineral Petrol 175, 108 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01749-2

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