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Open-system fractional melting of Archean basalts: implications for tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) magma genesis

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology volume 175, Article number: 102 (2020) Cite this article

Abstract

Tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) gneiss forms a major component of Archean continental crust. Resolving the origin of TTG gneisses and the secular change in their compositions is critical for better understanding how the continental crust has evolved and when a global plate tectonic regime began on Earth. Archean TTGs were generated by partial melting of hydrous basalts, although the geodynamic setting in which this occurred is still debated. In this study, an integrated modeling including thermodynamic modeling, accessory mineral solubility modeling, and trace element modeling is conducted on Coucal basalts from Pilbara craton and averaged Archean arc-like basalts along various thermal gradients for both closed and melt-drained systems. The results show the amount and composition of melts would be primarily controlled by source compositions, although geothermal gradient and the ability for melt to leave the system also contribute. Of both bulk compositions, averaged Archean arc-like basalts generate more melts with a medium- to low-pressure signature by fluid-absent melting during intracrustal loading. High-pressure TTGs may be generated by mixing residua and melts derived by fluid-absent melting or just fluid-present melting in a hot subduction zone. Most TTGs produced before the Neoarchean were likely generated at the lower levels of thickened basaltic crust; however, rare Eoarchean and Mesoarchean TTGs with high-pressure signatures suggest subduction occurred on the early Earth in isolated localities. We interpret a secular increase in the proportion of high-pressure TTGs at c. 3.0–2.5 Ga as recording a transition from localized subduction to a global plate tectonic regime.

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Acknowledgement

We thank Dr. Thorsten Nagel and Dr. Gary Stevens for their constructive review, and Dr. Daniela Rubatto for her editorial handling. This paper is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41890832, 41902057), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2019M650834).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Guangyu Huang & Jinghui Guo

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK

    Richard Palin

  3. Key Laboratory of Deep-Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resources, Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, 100037, China

    Dan Wang

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Correspondence to Guangyu Huang.

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Fig. S1 Melt compositions evolution along low thermal gradient (JPG 8971 kb)

Fig. S2 Melt compositions evolution along high thermal gradient (JPG 3483 kb)

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Fig. S3 Major-element composition of partial melts calculated from at various melt fractions for closed system and extracted melts for melt drained system (JPG 4584 kb)

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Fig. S4 Trace-element composition of partial melts calculated from at various melt fractions for closed system and extracted melts for melt drained system (JPG 5671 kb)

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Huang, G., Palin, R., Wang, D. et al. Open-system fractional melting of Archean basalts: implications for tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) magma genesis. Contrib Mineral Petrol 175, 102 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-020-01742-9

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Keywords

  • TTGs
  • Open system
  • Forward modeling
  • Partial melting
  • Archean
  • Basalts