Abstract
Crystallization experiments of basaltic andesite mafic endmember from the 24 ka Lower Pollara eruption (Salina, Aeolian Islands, Italy) were investigated at 200 MPa, 950–1100 °C, in the H2O activity (aH2O) range ~0.3 to 1, and at two ranges of oxygen fugacity (fO2) between ~FMQ to FMQ+1 and ~FMQ+2 to FMQ+3.3 (log bars, FMQ is fayalite-magnetite-quartz). Comparison of the produced phase assemblages and phase compositions with the natural sample reveals that the storage conditions were ~1050 °C, ~2.8 wt% H2O in the melt (aH2O ~0.5), and relatively oxidizing (~FMQ+2.5). The composition of plagioclase in the groundmass indicates a period of cooling to ≤950 °C. The overall differentiation trends of the Salina volcanics can be explained by fractional crystallization close to H2O saturated conditions (~5 wt% H2O in the melt at 200 MPa) and most likely by accumulation of plagioclase, i.e., in basaltic andesites, and by various degree of mixing–mingling between the corresponding differentiates. The slightly elevated K2O contents of the most mafic basaltic andesites that can be found in the lowermost unit of the Lower Pollara pyroclastics reveal earlier processes of moderately hydrous fractional crystallization at higher temperature (>~1050 °C). Fractional crystallization with decreasing influence of H2O causes a moderate decrease of MgO and a significant increase of K2O relative to SiO2 in the residual liquids. It is exemplarily shown that the crystallization of SiO2-rich phases at high temperature and low aH2O of only moderately K2O-rich calc-alkaline basalts can produce shoshonitic and high potassic rocks similar to those of Stromboli and Volcano. This suggests that the observed transition from calc-alkaline to shoshonitic and high potassic volcanism at the Aeolian Arc over time can be initiated by a general increase of magmatic temperatures and a decrease of aH2O in response to the extensional tectonics and related increase of heat flow and declining influence of slab-derived fluids.
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Acknowledgements
The starting material was collected and kindly provided by Jan Schuessler, Tina Krüsmann, and Hella Wittman-Oelze during graduate student mapping and field trip in 2003 (Leibniz Universität Hannover, Institute of Geosciences) assisted by Prof. Rosanna De Rosa (University of Calabria) and Dr. Guido Ventura (INGV). The field trip was organized by Prof. Harald Behrens and the mapping was supervised by Prof. Francois Holtz and Dr. Guido Ventura. Guido Ventura is gratefully acknowledged for his helpful comments and support in aspects of the geodynamic setting. Special thanks go to Otto Diedrich for sample preparation, Anna Schimroscyk and Magnus Johannsson for their assistance in EPMA analyses, and to Roman Botcharnikov and Sandrin Feig who provided support in the experimental laboratory. Thoroughly reviews by two anonymous reviewers significantly improved this paper. The editorial work of Timothy L. Grove is greatly appreciated.
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Beermann, O., Holtz, F. & Duesterhoeft, E. Magma storage conditions and differentiation of the mafic Lower Pollara volcanics, Salina Island, Aeolian Islands, Italy: implications for the formation conditions of shoshonites and potassic rocks. Contrib Mineral Petrol 172, 37 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1363-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1363-z