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Voluminous arc dacites as amphibole reaction-boundary liquids

Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology volume 172, Article number: 27 (2017) Cite this article

Abstract

Dacites dominate the large-volume, explosive eruptions in magmatic arcs, and compositionally similar granodiorites and tonalites constitute the bulk of convergent margin batholiths. Shallow, pre-eruptive storage conditions are well known for many dacitic arc magmas through melt inclusions, Fe–Ti oxides, and experiments, but their potential origins deeper in the crust are not well determined. Accordingly, we report experimental results identifying the P–T–H2O conditions under which hydrous dacitic liquid may segregate from hornblende (hbl)-gabbroic sources either during crystallization–differentiation or partial melting. Two compositions were investigated: (1) MSH–Yn−1 dacite (SiO2: 65 wt%) from Mount St. Helens’ voluminous Yn tephra and (2) MSH–Yn−1 + 10% cpx to force saturation with cpx and map a portion of the cpx + melt = hbl peritectic reaction boundary. H2O-undersaturated (3, 6, and 9 wt% H2O) piston cylinder experiments were conducted at pressures, temperatures, and fO2 appropriate for the middle to lower arc crust (400, 700, and 900 MPa, 825–1100 °C, and the Re–ReO2 buffer ≈ Ni–NiO + 2). Results for MSH–Yn−1 indicate near-liquidus equilibrium with a cpx-free hbl-gabbro residue (hbl, plg, magnetite, ± opx, and ilmeno-hematite) with 6–7 wt% dissolved H2O, 925 °C, and 700–900 MPa. Opx disappears down-temperature consistent with the reaction opx + melt = hbl. Cpx-added phase relations are similar in that once ~10% cpx crystallizes, multiple saturation is attained with cpx, hbl, and plg, +/− opx, at 6–7 wt% dissolved H2O, 940 °C, and 700–900 MPa. Plg–hbl–cpx saturated liquids diverge from plg–hbl–opx saturated liquids, consistent with the MSH–Yn−1 dacite marking a liquid composition along a peritectic distributary reaction boundary where hbl appears down-temperature as opx + cpx are consumed. The abundance of saturating phases along this distributary peritectic (liquid + hbl + opx + cpx + plg + oxides) reduces the variance, so liquids are restricted to dacite–granodiorite–tonalite compositions. Higher-K dacites than the Yn would also saturate with biotite, further limiting their compositional diversity. Theoretical evaluation of the energetics of peritectic melting of pargasitic amphiboles indicates that melting and crystallization of amphibole occur abruptly, proximal to amphibole’s high-temperature stability limit, which causes the system to dwell thermally under the conditions that produce dacitic compositions. This process may account for the compositional homogeneity of dacites, granodiorites, and tonalites in arc settings, but their relative mobility compared to rhyolitic/granitic liquids likely accounts for their greater abundance.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the USGS Volcano Hazards Program and was conducted in conjunction with the iMUSH (Imaging Magma Under St. Helens) Project supported by NSF Grants 1445937, 1520875, and 1459047. Thoughtful reviews by Michel Pichavant, Michelle Coombs, and an anonymous reviewer helped clarify the presentation and interpretations and are gratefully acknowledged, along with careful editorial handling by Mark Ghiorso. The authors thank Mike Clynne for help with sample collection and essential discussions of Mount St. Helens petrology and literature, and Paul Asimow for suggesting that we add cpx to explore reaction relations. Leslie Hayden provided assistance with the microprobe and SEM analyses and imaging at the USGS Electron Microprobe facility in Menlo Park, CA, and Jake Lowenstern provided guidance with the FTIR and ATR-FTIR analyses. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

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  1. Volcano Science Center, United States Geological Survey, 345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA

    Dawnika L. Blatter, Thomas W. Sisson & W. Ben Hankins

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  1. Dawnika L. Blatter
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Correspondence to Dawnika L. Blatter.

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Blatter, D.L., Sisson, T.W. & Hankins, W.B. Voluminous arc dacites as amphibole reaction-boundary liquids. Contrib Mineral Petrol 172, 27 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1340-6

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