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The pre-eruptive magma plumbing system of the 2007–2008 dome-forming eruption of Kelut volcano, East Java, Indonesia

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Abstract

Kelut volcano, East Java, is an active volcanic complex hosting a summit crater lake that has been the source of some of Indonesia’s most destructive lahars. In November 2007, an effusive eruption lasting approximately 7 months led to the formation of a 260-m-high and 400-m-wide lava dome that displaced most of the crater lake. The 2007–2008 Kelut dome comprises crystal-rich basaltic andesite with a texturally complex crystal cargo of strongly zoned and in part resorbed plagioclase (An47–94), orthopyroxene (En64–72, Fs24–32, Wo2–4), clinopyroxene (En40–48, Fs14–19, Wo34–46), Ti-magnetite (Usp16–34) and trace amounts of apatite, as well as ubiquitous glomerocrysts of varying magmatic mineral assemblages. In addition, the notable occurrence of magmatic and crustal xenoliths (meta-basalts, amphibole-bearing cumulates, and skarn-type calc-silicates and meta-volcaniclastic rocks) is a distinct feature of the dome. New petrographical, whole rock major and trace element data, mineral chemistry as well as oxygen isotope data for both whole rocks and minerals indicate a complex regime of magma-mixing, decompression-driven resorption, degassing and crystallisation and crustal assimilation within the Kelut plumbing system prior to extrusion of the dome. Detailed investigation of plagioclase textures alongside crystal size distribution analyses provide evidence for magma mixing as a major pre-eruptive process that blends multiple crystal cargoes together. Distinct magma storage zones are postulated, with a deeper zone at lower crustal levels or near the crust-mantle boundary (>15 km depth), a second zone at mid-crustal levels (~10 km depth) and several magma storage zones distributed throughout the uppermost crust (<10 km depth). Plagioclase-melt and amphibole hygrometry indicate magmatic H2O contents ranging from ~8.1 to 8.6 wt.% in the lower crustal system to ~1.5 to 3.3 wt.% in the mid to upper crust. Pyroxene and plagioclase δ18O values range from 5.4 to 6.7 ‰, and 6.5 to 7.6 ‰, respectively. A single whole rock analysis of the 2007–2008 dome lava gave a δ18O value of 7.6 ‰, whereas meta-basaltic and calc-silicate xenoliths are characterised by δ18O values of 6.2 and 10.3 ‰, respectively. Magmatic δ18O values calculated from individual pyroxene and plagioclase analyses range from 5.7 to 7.0 ‰, and 6.2 to 7.4 ‰, respectively. This range in O-isotopic compositions is explained by crystallisation of pyroxenes in the lower to mid-crust, where crustal contamination is either absent or masked by assimilation of material having similar δ18O values to the ascending melts. This population is mixed with isotopically distinct plagioclase and pyroxenes that crystallised from a more contaminated magma in the upper crustal system. Binary bulk mixing models suggest that shallow-level, recycled volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks together with calc-silicates and/or limestones are the most likely contaminants of the 2007–2008 Kelut magma, with the volcaniclastic sediments being dominant.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Research Institute for the Environment, Physical Sciences and Applied Mathematics (EPSAM), Keele University, for use of facilities and financial support. We acknowledge our colleagues from the Merapi Volcano Observatory (BPPTK) in Yogyakarta for their support over many years. We thank L. Schwarzkopf, L. Blythe and F. Deegan for assistance during fieldwork, Sony for sample collection at Kelut and M. Mahjum for logistical support. F. Rawoot is thanked for her help with the O-isotope analyses. A. Kronz (University of Göttingen, Germany) kindly provided access to the electron microprobe facility at Göttingen and analytical support. We are grateful for the insightful, detailed and constructive reviews by E. Hildner and H. Handley. In-kind contributions from The Open University and financial support from the Swedish Research Council (VR), the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA) and the Centre for Natural Disaster Sciences (CNDS) at Uppsala University are gratefully acknowledged.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Physical and Geographical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK

    A. J. Jeffery, R. Gertisser & B. O’Driscoll

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Centre for Experimental Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry (CEMPEG), Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

    V. R. Troll, E. M. Jolis & B. Dahren

  3. Department of Geological Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa

    C. Harris

  4. CEPSAR (Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomy Research), The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA, UK

    A. G. Tindle

  5. School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK

    K. Preece

  6. Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kegunungapian, Yogyakarta, 55166, Indonesia

    H. Humaida

  7. Science Gallery, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland

    J. P. Chadwick

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Additional information

Communicated by J. Hoefs.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

410_2013_875_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 1 (PDF 2382 kb): Representative hand specimen photographs of a The 2007–2008 dome lava b Fine-grained, meta-basaltic (Group 1) xenolith surrounded by 2007–2008 dome lava c Cumulate (Group 2) xenolith d-e Examples of meta-volcaniclastic xenoliths embedded within the 2007–2008 dome lava f Calc-silicate xenolith (highlighted) found entrained within the 2007–2008 lava dome. See text for detail

410_2013_875_MOESM2_ESM.xls

Supplementary material 2 (XLS 401 kb): Mineral chemical data for the 2007–2008 dome lava, meta-basaltic xenoliths (Group 1) and cumulate xenoliths (Group 2)

410_2013_875_MOESM3_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 3 (PDF 1821 kb): Selected plagioclase traverses showing An content (mol. %) and FeO* and MgO content (wt.%). a Traverse through a Type 1 plagioclase crystal, showing large fluctuations in An and zones of FeO* and MgO enrichment that correlate with An depletion b Traverse through a Type 2 plagioclase crystal showing characteristic low-level An fluctuations with minor FeO* and MgO peaks that correlate with An depletions c Example of a traverse through a Type 2 plagioclase crystal showing relatively steady An content with a notable depletion that correlates broadly with FeO* and MgO. Crystal boundaries marked in white. Step size is 10 μm. Abbreviations used: An = anorthite

410_2013_875_MOESM4_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 4 (PDF 1370 kb): Harker-type variation diagrams for selected major elements vs. SiO2, displaying whole rock, plagioclase-hosted melt inclusions and groundmass glass analyses from the 2007–2008 lava dome, alongside whole rock analyses from the 1990 eruption (Bourdier et al. 1997; van Bergen et al. 2000). Also shown, whole rock analyses from pre-1990 eruptions (van Bergen et al. 2000). All data recalculated to 100 % (i.e. volatile free). All Fe is reported as Fe2O *3

410_2013_875_MOESM5_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 5 (PDF 1362 kb): a REE diagram of the 2007–2008 dome lava. All data are normalised relative to chondrite values (Sun and McDonough 1989) b Multi-element trace element variation diagram of the 2007–2008 dome lava. All data are normalised to N-type MORB values (Sun and McDonough 1989) c Chondrite-normalised REE diagram of the 1990 pyroclastics d N-MORB-normalised multi-element trace element variation diagram of the 1990 pyroclastics

410_2013_875_MOESM6_ESM.pdf

Supplementary material 6 (PDF 1358 kb): Slope intercepts vs. characteristic length diagram. Slopes associated with large size fractions and small size fractions for plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and Ti-magnetite are plotted. Small size fractions are shown by open symbols. Large size fractions are denoted by filled symbols

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Jeffery, A.J., Gertisser, R., Troll, V.R. et al. The pre-eruptive magma plumbing system of the 2007–2008 dome-forming eruption of Kelut volcano, East Java, Indonesia. Contrib Mineral Petrol 166, 275–308 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0875-4

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