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Formation of U-depleted rhyolite from a basanite at El Hierro, Canary Islands

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Abstract

Phonolite and trachyte are the felsic magmas of the alkaline magma suites, which characterize the Canary Islands. The October 2011 submarine eruption off El Hierro, the westernmost island, nevertheless, produced a small volume of rhyolitic magma. The rhyolite occurred as highly vesicular, white coloured pumices enveloped in and mingled with darker coloured basanitic pumice. The basanitic pumice is relatively crystal poor with a few euhedral olivines (mostly Fo77–79), clinopyroxenes and Fe-rich spinels, whereas very rare olivine of same composition is found together with equally rare Fe-sulphide and FeTi-rich oxides in the rhyolite. The Fe–Mg exchange equilibrium in the oxides permits to calculate an equilibrium temperature of 970–890 °C for the rhyolite, in agreement with quartz-melt equilibrium at ca. 930 °C. A striking mineralogical feature of the rhyolite is the presence of rounded to contorted grains of milky quartz, which are xenocrysts incorporated and partly dissolved into the magma. Analyses of residual volatile concentrations in the glasses show that the rhyolite melt was highly degassed, whereas the basanitic glass still has important halogen concentrations. Trace element patterns of the mafic glasses and their elevated incompatible element concentrations are typical of the western Canary Island basanites. In contrast, the trace element composition of the rhyolite shows surprisingly low concentrations for all elements except the most incompatible ones (e.g. Rb, Ba, K and Th). All other measured LILE, HFSE and REE have significantly lower concentration than the basanitic counterpart that can be explained by fractionation of accessory phases (1 % apatite, 1 % sphene and 0.1 % zircon). Surprisingly, low U concentration is presumably related to elevated oxygen fugacity in the rhyolite, causing U to be in a hexavalent state, and fluxing of F-rich gas leading to volatilization of UF6, known to emanate at low temperature. The results suggest that a gas-rich basanitic melt remobilized a small volume of stagnant rhyolitic melt formed by incorporation of approximately 10 % quartz-rich sediment into a late differentiate of trachytic composition. Sediments at the interface of an old oceanic crust adjacent to a continental shield and younger volcanic island are likely to act as magma traps were sediment assimilation may alter the mantle-derived magma composition. Quartz assimilation thus explains the production of rhyolite magma in a volcanic island characterized by an alkaline magma series from primitive basanites to trachytes.

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Acknowledgments

Carmen López and the IGN group are thanked for providing the samples for this study. We are grateful to the efficient analytical assistance from Chantal Bosq, Hanika Rizo, Nicolas Cluzel, Mahmed Benbakkar, Jean-Luc Piro and Philippe Teluk. Constructive comments by Fidel Costa and an anonymous reviewer significantly improved the paper. Analytical costs were covered by financial support from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (DEGAZMAG project, contract no. ANR 2011 Blanc SIMI 5-6 003). This is the Laboratory of Excellence “ClerVolc” contribution number 45.

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  1. Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, CNRS-Université Blaise Pascal-IRD, 5 rue Kessler, 63038, Clemont-Ferrand, France

    Olgeir Sigmarsson, Didier Laporte, Marion Carpentier, Bertrand Devouard & Jean-Luc Devidal

  2. NordVulk, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Olgeir Sigmarsson

  3. Institute of Earth Sciences ‘Jaume Almera’ CSIC, LLuis Sole Sabaris s/n, 08028, Barcelona, Spain

    Joan Marti

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  1. Olgeir Sigmarsson
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Correspondence to Olgeir Sigmarsson.

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Communicated by T. L. Grove.

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Sigmarsson, O., Laporte, D., Carpentier, M. et al. Formation of U-depleted rhyolite from a basanite at El Hierro, Canary Islands. Contrib Mineral Petrol 165, 601–622 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0826-5

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