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Historic magmatism on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: a snap-shot of melt generation at a ridge segment

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Abstract

We present new compositional data on a suite of historic lava flows from the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland. They were erupted over a short time period between c. 940 and c. 1340 ad and provide a snap-shot view of melt generation and evolution processes beneath this onshore, 65 km long, ridge segment. The lavas are tholeiitic basalts (MgO 6.5–9.2 wt%) and sparsely (≪5%) olivine and/or plagioclase phyric (±trace clinopyroxene). Individual eruptive events show remarkable compositional homogeneity. Despite a limited variation in Sr–Nd isotope compositions, high-precision double-spike Pb isotope data show tight coherent arrays that, together with correlations with incompatible trace element ratios, indicate control by binary mixing processes. Poor correlations with elemental abundances require that this mixing took place prior to extensive fractional crystallisation. Olivines in the historic lavas have light δ18O values (+4.2 to +4.3‰), which is likely to be a feature of the enriched mantle source to Reykjanes Peninsula lavas. High precision Pb isotope analyses of other post-glacial Reykjanes Peninsula lavas show significant variability in 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb at lower 206Pb/204Pb values than in the historic lavas. This variation demonstrates that at least three compositionally distinct components within the mantle are required to explain the Pb isotope variations within the Reykjanes Peninsula as a whole.

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Acknowledgments

We thank John Bailey, Jørn Kystol, Nick Rogers, and Terry Plank for providing the XRF and ICP-MS data, and Kresten Breddam and Ole Stecher, for kindly providing some of the samples and for numerous discussions on Iceland geology. This work was funded primarily by the Danish National Research Foundation through a grant to the now defunct Danish Lithosphere Centre, and the oxygen isotope analyses were funded from start-up funds to DWP from the University of Iowa. DWP would also like to thank the University of Iowa for support during manuscript preparation, initially through an Old Gold Summer Fellowship and subsequently through a Scholar appointment at the Obermann Center for Advanced Studies. John Maclennan and an anonymous reviewer are thanked for their careful and thorough journal reviews which helped us to clarify several aspects of the presentation of our ideas.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geoscience, University of Iowa, 121 Trowbridge Hall, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA

    David W. Peate

  2. School of Geography, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand

    Joel A. Baker

  3. Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Hlemmur 3, 105, Reykjavik, Iceland

    Sveinn P. Jakobsson

  4. Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350, Copenhagen K, Denmark

    Tod E. Waight

  5. Department of Geosciences, Oregon State University, 104 Wilkinson Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA

    Adam J. R. Kent

  6. Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey, TW20 0EX, UK

    Nathalie V. Grassineau

  7. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 1401, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Anna Cecile Skovgaard

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  1. David W. Peate
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  2. Joel A. Baker
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  3. Sveinn P. Jakobsson
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  4. Tod E. Waight
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Correspondence to David W. Peate.

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Communicated by J. Blundy.

Electronic supplementary material

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410_2008_339_MOESM1_ESM.xls

Table A1a-c Mineral compositions of phenocrysts and glass from selected samples. Mineral analyses on grain mounts by electron microprobe in the Geological Institute, Copenhagen University, following the methods in Larsen & Pedersen (2000) (XLS 40 kb)

Table A1 (XLS 33 kb)

Table A1 (XLS 26 kb)

410_2008_339_MOESM4_ESM.xls

ICP-MS trace element analyses of selected samples. All samples and calibration standards were digested in the clean laboratory at the University of Iowa. Analyses at Boston University followed the methods detailed in Kelley et al. (2003). Analyses at the Open University followed the methods detailed in Rogers et al. (2006) (XLS 32 kb)

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Peate, D.W., Baker, J.A., Jakobsson, S.P. et al. Historic magmatism on the Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland: a snap-shot of melt generation at a ridge segment. Contrib Mineral Petrol 157, 359–382 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0339-4

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