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4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon

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Abstract

Analysis of δ18O in igneous zircons of known age traces the evolution of intracrustal recycling and crust-mantle interaction through time. This record is especially sensitive because oxygen isotope ratios of igneous rocks are strongly affected by incorporation of supracrustal materials into melts, which commonly have δ18O values higher than in primitive mantle magmas. This study summarizes data for δ18O in zircons that have been analyzed from 1,200 dated rocks ranging over 96% of the age of Earth. Uniformly primitive to mildly evolved magmatic δ18O values are found from the first half of Earth history, but much more varied values are seen for younger magmas. The similarity of values throughout the Archean, and comparison to the composition of the “modern” mantle indicate that δ18O of primitive mantle melts have remained constant (±0.2‰) for the past 4.4 billion years. The range and variability of δ18O in all Archean zircon samples is subdued (δ18O(Zrc)=5–7.5‰) ranging from values in high temperature equilibrium with the mantle (5.3± 0.3‰) to slightly higher, more evolved compositions (6.5–7.5‰) including samples from: the Jack Hills (4.4–3.3 Ga), the Beartooth Mountains (4.0–2.9 Ga), Barberton (3.5–2.7 Ga), the Superior and Slave Provinces (3.0 to 2.7 Ga), and the Lewisian (2.7 Ga). No zircons from the Archean have been analyzed with magmatic δ18O above 7.5‰. The mildly evolved, higher Archean values (6.5–7.5‰) are interpreted to result from exchange of protoliths with surface waters at low temperature followed by melting or contamination to create mildly elevated magmas that host the zircons. During the Proterozoic, the range of δ18O(Zrc) and the highest values gradually increased in a secular change that documents maturation of the crust. After ∼1.5 Ga, high δ18O zircons (8 to >10‰) became common in many Proterozoic and Phanerozoic terranes reflecting δ18O(whole rock) values from 9 to over 12‰. The appearance of high δ18O magmas on Earth reflects nonuniformitarian changes in the composition of sediments, and rate and style of recycling of surface-derived material into magmas within the crust.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the following people who have provided samples, assisted, or collaborated in studies of these zircons: John Aleinikoff, Tucker Barrie, Pat Bickford, Lance Black, Otto van Breemen, James Carl, Jeff Chiarenzelli, Jim Chen, Fernando Corfu, Louise Corriveau, Tony Davidson, Don Davis, John Eiler, Brent Elliott, Ron Emslie, Dave Farber, Frank Florence, Carrie Gilliam, Matthew Grant, Mike Hamilton, Hans Hinke, Martha House, Yngvar Isachsen, Paul Karabinos, Yaron Katzir, Alan Kennedy, Peter Kinny, Nami Kitchen, Bart Kowalis, Tom Krogh, Dunyi Liu, Jim Mattinson, Jim McLelland, Dave Mogk, Salma Monani, Sam Mukasa, Sasha Nemchin, Randy Parrish, Lola Pereira, Bob Pidgeon, Helcio Prazeres Filho, Kent Ratajeski, Greg Roselle, Jason Saleeby, Dan Schulze, Danny Stockli, Matti Vaasjoki, Randy Van Schmus, Lee Silver, Sorena Sorensen, Beth Valaas, Julie Vry, Simon Wilde, Joe Wooden, and Jim Wright. Colin Graham and John Craven collaborated in ion probe studies of δ18O at the Edinburgh Ion Microprobe Facility, which is supported by NERC. Brian Hess aided with sample preparation. Mary Diman drafted the figures. Vicki Bennett and Jan Kramers made helpful reviews. This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (EAR93-04372, 96-28142, 99-02973, 02-07340) and the U.S. Department of Energy (93ER14389).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    J. W. Valley, J. S. Lackey, A. J. Cavosie, C. C. Clechenko & M. J. Spicuzza

  2. Department de Mineralogia Geotectonica, University Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

    M. A. S. Basei

  3. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA

    I. N. Bindeman

  4. NEG-LABISE, Department of Geology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, 50670-000, Brazil

    V. P. Ferreira & A. N. Sial

  5. Department of Geography and Geology, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790, USA

    E. M. King

  6. Department of Geology, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY, 13346, USA

    W. H. Peck

  7. Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, VA, USA

    A. K. Sinha

  8. School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China

    C. S. Wei

  9. Department of Geology, College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA

    J. S. Lackey

  10. Department of Geology, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR, 00681-9017, USA

    A. J. Cavosie

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  1. J. W. Valley
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  10. E. M. King
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Correspondence to J. W. Valley.

Additional information

Communicated by J. Hoefs

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Oxygen isotope ratio, crystallization age, and location for magmatic zircons. Whole rock weight percentage SiO2 is tabulated where available. References to previous work include published and unpublished sources. Table given as ESM, available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0025-8

Appendix 2 (Fig. 12)

Fig. 12
figure 12

Plot of δ18O(Zrc) vs. SiO2 content for magmatic zircons and their host rocks for 90 samples from the Neoproterozoic of Brazil

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Valley, J.W., Lackey, J.S., Cavosie, A.J. et al. 4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: oxygen isotope ratios of magmatic zircon. Contrib Mineral Petrol 150, 561–580 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0025-8

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