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Risk Factors, Prognosis, and a New Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival Among Lung Cancer Patients with Brain Metastasis: A Retrospective Study Based on SEER

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Abstract

Purpose

To make a comprehensive population-based study on risk and prognostic factors of brain metastasis from lung cancer.

Methods

A total of 91,643 patients diagnosed with lung cancer from 2010 to 2018 were collected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End results (SEER) database. To analyze the risk and prognostic factors of brain metastasis among lung cancer patients, both Logistic and Cox regression methods were applied, respectively. Also, the competing risk regression model was performed to establish a new nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival (CSS).

Results

Among the 91,643 lung cancer patients, 10,855 were found to have brain metastasis, with the incidence of 11.84%. The residence, age, race, income, primary site, histological type, extracranial metastasis, T stage, and N stage were all found to be independent risk factors of brain metastasis. The median overall survival (OS) of brain metastasis patients was limited to 6.08 months. By dividing patients randomly into a primary cohort with 7237 patients and a validation cohort with 3618 patients, a conclusion that the income, race, gender, age, histological type, extracranial metastasis, T stage, and N stage were all associated with the prognosis of brain metastasis was drawn. Our established primary-cohort-based new nomogram showed a good discriminative ability in predicting the probability of CSS among patients with brain metastasis, and the C-index was 0.62. Besides, the calibration curves for CSS also showed that the predicted survival by nomogram was consistent with the actual survival in the validation cohort.

Conclusion

Our study shall provide a deeper insight into the risk factors and prognosis of brain metastasis among lung cancer patients.

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Data Availability

Data in this study are public in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (https://seer.cancer. gov/data/).

Code Availability

Not applicable.

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Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Number: 81603358), which is led by Ji Mingde.

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Author notes

  1. Gui Hong Zhang and Yue Jiao Liu have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No.155, Han’Zhong Road, Qinhuai, Nanjing, 210029, China

    Gui Hong Zhang, Yue Jiao Liu & Ming De Ji

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  1. Gui Hong Zhang
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  2. Yue Jiao Liu
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  3. Ming De Ji
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Contributions

The acquisition and analysis of data was completed by GHZ, and the writing of the manuscript was completed by GHZ and YJL. The design and guidance of this study was performed by MDJ.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ming De Ji.

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Zhang, G.H., Liu, Y.J. & De Ji, M. Risk Factors, Prognosis, and a New Nomogram for Predicting Cancer-Specific Survival Among Lung Cancer Patients with Brain Metastasis: A Retrospective Study Based on SEER. Lung 200, 83–93 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-021-00503-0

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