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Association between history of miscarriage and autism spectrum disorder

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Abstract

This case–control study was designed to examine the association between different types of miscarriage history and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and determine whether the number of miscarriage history affects the risk of ASD. All of 2274 children with ASD and 1086 healthy controls were recruited. Sociodemographic and prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal characteristics were compared between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to investigate association between miscarriage history and ASD. Stratified analyses based on sex and types of miscarriages were similarly performed. History of miscarriage was potential risk factors for ASD ([aOR] = 2.919; 95% [CI] = 2.327–3.517). Stratified analyses revealed that induced ([aOR] = 2.763, 95% [CI] = 2.259–3.379) and spontaneous miscarriage history ([aOR] = 3.341, 95% [CI] = 1.939–4.820) were associated with high risk of ASD, respectively. A sex-biased ratio in the risk of ASD was observed between females ([aOR] = 3.049, 95% [CI] = 2.153–4.137) and males ([aOR] = 2.538, 95% [CI] = 1.978–3.251). Stratified analysis of induced miscarriage history revealed that only iatrogenic miscarriage history was associated with an increased risk ASD ([aOR] = 2.843, 95% [CI] = 1.534–4.268). Also, multiple spontaneous miscarriage histories ([aOR] = 1.836, 95% [CI] = 1.252–2.693) were associated with higher autism risk than one spontaneous miscarriages history ([aOR] = 3.016, 95% [CI] = 1.894–4.174). In conclusion, miscarriage history is related to an increased risk for ASD in offspring, which is affected by the types of miscarriage and sex of the fetus.

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Acknowledgements

We are especially grateful to all the families of children with ASD who participated in the study and to the special education institutions that supported the study.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (< grant 81974217 > [to < JO >] and < grant 81901388 > [to < YS >]), Major Scientific and Technological Projects for Collaborative Prevention and Control of Birth Defects in Hunan Province (< grant 2019SK1015 > [to < JO >]), Hunan Natural Science Foundation (< grant 2020JJ5825 > [to < JO >] and < grant 2020JJ5830 > [to < YS >]), and National Key Research and Development Program of China (< grant 2017YFC1309904 > [to < XL >]). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

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  1. Ye Yang and Yidong Shen have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China

    Ye Yang, Yidong Shen, Jingjing Lin, Si Dai, Renrong Wu, Xuerong Luo, Jingping Zhao & Jianjun Ou

  2. Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, 266034, Shandong, China

    Xiaozi Lu

  3. Shandong Mental Health Center, 49 East Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China

    Guanglei Xun

  4. Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China

    Yamin Li

  5. Center for Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, Hunan, China

    Kun Xia

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Contributions

YY contributed to analysis and drafted the manuscript and YS collected data. JL, SD, XL, GX and YL helped evaluate subjects. JO design and critically revised the manuscript; RW contributed to conception and design and contributed to interpretation; KX contributed to analysis and interpretation; XL and JZ contributed to conception and design. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Jianjun Ou.

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This study was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University.

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Yang, Y., Shen, Y., Lin, J. et al. Association between history of miscarriage and autism spectrum disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 273, 687–697 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-022-01494-6

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