Abstract
Purpose
Radial forearm free flap (RFFF) being a workhorse flap in head and neck reconstruction, we investigated its donor site delayed consequences.
Methods
Multicentric case series evaluating 189 patients who underwent RFFF for carcinologic reasons at least 6 months before. Patients and surgeon’s appreciation regarding the aesthetic and functional consequences of the flap harvest on their daily life were evaluated by questionnaires using likert scales. Medical data were collected from patients’ charts retrospectively.
Results
Thirty percent of patients had at least one sequelae. Experiencing a graft necrosis did not worsen long-term results. Cosmetic satisfaction was significantly worst for women, according to patients’ and surgeons’ opinion. For 81% and 92% patients, respectively, the flap harvest had no impact on daily life nor sport practice. Ratio between the benefits of reconstruction and the sequelae at the donor site was judged “excellent” for 77% patients.
Conclusions
Although objectively important, RFFF morbidity has little impact in head and neck cancer patient’s life.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Raw data are available on request to the corresponding author.
References
Yang GF, Chen PJ, Gao YZ et al (1997) Forearm free skin flap transplantation: a report of 56 cases 1981. Br J Plast Surg 50:162–165
Soutar DS, Scheker LR, Tanner NS, McGregor IA (1983) The radial forearm flap: a versatile method for intra-oral reconstruction. Br J Plast Surg 36:1–8
Dickson WA, Earley MJ (1990) The shamrock flap: a three-paddle radial forearm flap. Br J Plast Surg 43:486–488
Friedrich JB, Pederson WC, Bishop AT, Galaviz P, Chang J (2012) New workhorse flaps in hand reconstruction. Hand 7:45–54
Abdullakutty A, Bajwa MS, Patel S, D’Souza J (2017) Clinical audit and national survey on the assessment of collateral circulation before radial forearm free flap harvest. J Cranio-Maxillo-Fac Surg 45:108–112
Cornelius JF, George B, Kolb F (2006) Combined use of a radial fore arm free flap for extra-intracranial bypass and for antero-lateral skull base reconstruction—a new technique and review of literature. Acta Neurochir 148:427–434
Smith GI, O’Brien CJ, Choy ET, Andruchow JL, Gao K (2005) Clinical outcome and technical aspects of 263 radial forearm free flaps used in reconstruction of the oral cavity. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43:199–204
Cigna E, Rizzo MI, Greco A et al (2015) Retromolar trigone reconstructive surgery: prospective comparative analysis between free flaps. Ann Surg Oncol 22:272–278
Loreti A, Di Lella G, Vetrano S, Tedaldi M, Dell’Osso A, Poladas G (2008) Thinned anterolateral thigh cutaneous flap and radial fasciocutaneous forearm flap for reconstruction of oral defects: comparison of donor site morbidity. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 66:1093–1098
Valentini V, Cassoni A, Marianetti TM, Battisti A, Terenzi V, Iannetti G (2008) Anterolateral thigh flap for the reconstruction of head and neck defects: alternative or replacement of the radial forearm flap? J Craniofac Surg 19:1148–1153
Landis JR, Koch GG (1977) The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33:159–174
Brown MT, Couch ME, Huchton DM (1999) Assessment of donor-site functional morbidity from radial forearm fasciocutaneous free flap harvest. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 125:1371–1374
de Bree R, Hartley C, Smeele LE, Kuik DJ, Quak JJ, Leemans CR (2004) Evaluation of donor site function and morbidity of the fasciocutaneous radial forearm flap. Laryngosc 114:1973–1976
Kim JS, Park SW, Choi TH et al (2008) The evaluation of relevant factors influencing skin graft changes in color over time. Dermatol Surg 34:32–39
Lutz BS, Wei FC, Chang SC, Yang KH, Chen IH (1999) Donor site morbidity after suprafascial elevation of the radial forearm flap: a prospective study in 95 consecutive cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:132–137
Schwarzer C, Mucke T, Wolff KD, Loeffelbein DJ, Rau A (2016) Donor site morbidity and flap perfusion of subfascial and suprafascial radial forearm flaps: a randomized prospective clinical comparison trial. J Cranio-Maxillo-Fac Surg 44:1299–1304
Chang SC, Miller G, Halbert CF, Yang KH, Chao WC, Wei FC (1996) Limiting donor site morbidity by suprafascial dissection of the radial forearm flap. Microsurgery 17:136–140
Murray RC, Gordin EA, Saigal K, Leventhal D, Krein H, Heffelfinger RN (2011) Reconstruction of the radial forearm free flap donor site using integra artificial dermis. Microsurgery 31:104–108
Avery CM, Iqbal M, Orr R, Hayter JP (2005) Repair of radial free flap donor site by full-thickness skin graft from inner arm. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 43:161–165
Riecke B, Assaf AT, Heiland M et al (2015) Local full-thickness skin graft of the donor arm—a novel technique for the reduction of donor site morbidity in radial forearm free flap. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 44:937–941
Elliot D, Bardsley AF, Batchelor AG, Soutar DS (1988) Direct closure of the radial forearm flap donor defect. Br J Plast Surg 41:358–360
Pirlich M, Horn IS, Mozet C, Pirlich M, Dietz A, Fischer M (2018) Functional and cosmetic donor site morbidity of the radial forearm-free flap: comparison of two different coverage techniques. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 275:1219–1225
Hallam MJ, Butt DA, Pacifico MD, Coombes DM (2013) Exploiting the perforator concept to minimise donor site morbidity in harvesting the radial forearm free flap. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51:79–80
Shaikh SA, Bawa A, Shahzad N, Yousufzai Z, Ghani MS (2018) Reducing the donor site morbidity in radial forearm free flaps by utilizing a narrow radial forearm free flap. Arch plast Surg 45:345–350
Pabst AM, Werkmeister R, Steegmann J, Holzle F, Bartella A (2018) Is there an ideal way to close the donor site of radial forearm free flaps? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56:444–452
Richardson D, Fisher SE, Vaughan ED, Brown JS (1997) Radial forearm flap donor-site complications and morbidity: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:109–115
Wylde V, Dennis J, Beswick AD et al (2017) Systematic review of management of chronic pain after surgery. Br J Surg 104:1293–1306
Mishriky BM, Waldron NH, Habib AS (2015) Impact of pregabalin on acute and persistent postoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth 114:10–31
Bardsley AF, Soutar DS, Elliot D, Batchelor AG (1990) Reducing morbidity in the radial forearm flap donor site. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:287–292
Swanson E, Boyd JB, Manktelow RT (1990) The radial forearm flap: reconstructive applications and donor-site defects in 35 consecutive patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:258–266
Longo B, Sorotos M, Laporta R, Santanelli di Pompeo F (2019) Aesthetic improvements of radial forearm flap donor site by autologous fat transplantation. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 53:51–55
de Witt CA, de Bree R, Verdonck-de Leeuw IM, Quak JJ, Leemans CR (2007) Donor site morbidity of the fasciocutaneous radial forearm flap: what does the patient really bother? Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 264:929–934
Alwin DF, Krosnick JA (1991) The reliability of survey attitude measurement: the influence of question and respondent attributes. Sociol Methods Res 20:139–181
Wang X, Yan G, Zhang G, Li J, Liu J, Zhang Y (2013) Functional tongue reconstruction with the anterolateral thigh flap. World J Surg Oncol 11:303
Li W, Yang Y, Xu Z et al (2013) Assessment of quality of life of patients with oral cavity cancer who have had defects reconstructed with free anterolateral thigh perforator flaps. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51:497–501
Nokovitch L, Dupret-Bories A, Bach C, Barry B, Julieron M, Deneuve S (2021) Observational study of long-term impact of donor-site sequelae, after head an neck reconstruction with an anterolateral thigh flap. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anorl.2021.03.005
Diamond S, Seth AK, Chattha AS, Iorio ML (2018) Outcomes of subfascial, suprafascial, and super-thin anterolateral thigh flaps: tailoring thickness without added morbidity. J Reconstr Microsurg 34:176–184
Kim SY, Lee YJ, Mun GH (2018) Anatomical Understanding of target subcutaneous tissue layer for thinning procedures in thoracodorsal artery perforator, superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator, and anterolateral thigh perforator flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg 142:521–534
Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C (1996) Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med 29:602–608
Butler PD, Longaker MT, Yang GP (2008) Current progress in keloid research and treatment. J Am Coll Surg 206:731–741
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Sacha Moufarrej for her diligent proofreading of this manuscript.
Funding
No specific funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Consortia
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
Nothing to declare.
Ethics approval, Consent to participate, consent for publication
The study was approved by review board of the GETTEC (Groupe Etude Tumeur Tete et du Cou-French cooperative Group for Study of Head and neck tumour), complied with the general regulation on data protection (GRDP) and was registered on the GRPD register of the Leon Bérard Centre (Lyon, France) under the number 201-004-042.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Deneuve, S., Majoufre, C., Testelin, S. et al. Donor site sequelae and patient satisfaction after head and neck reconstruction with a radial forearm free flap. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 278, 4051–4058 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-06649-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-021-06649-0