Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Comparison of home exercise under supervision and self home exercise in pregnant women with gestational diabetes: randomized controlled trial

  • Gynecologic Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine
  • Published:
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

Exercise programs at home are successful in treating gestational diabetes by controlling blood glucose. The aim is to compare the efficacy of the self-directed home exercise program, the standard care alone and the supervised home exercise program in pregnant women with gestational diabetes on blood glucose, quality of life and pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

This randomized, parallel, single-blind study included 45 pregnant women who were 24–28 weeks of gestation. Participants were randomly divided into the supervised home exercise group (SHEG), home exercise group (HEG) and control group (CG). While the home exercises program was taught and controlled by a physiotherapist in SHEG, the home exercise brochure was given without any training by the gynecologist in HEG. Control group maintained their usual daily care. The home exercise intervention included low to moderate structured exercise performed three days per week for 8 weeks. Their glucose responses, quality of life and pregnancy outcomes were assessed pre- and post intervention.

Results

Fasting glucose and 2 h postprandial glucose levels were improved statistically in SHEG and HEG groups after intervention (p < 0.05). Differences in SHEG were statistically higher than HEG (p < 0.017). When the HEG and CG were compared, there was no superiority between the two groups in all outcome measures except the physical health. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences in values of cesarean birth and preterm birth between groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

This study revealed that pregnant women should be under the supervision of physiotherapists while doing home exercises.

Clinical Trial Registration The trial was approved by the registration of ClinicalTrials.gov and registration number: NCT05195333.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data of this population are requestable at the first author of this paper upon reasonable request.

References

  1. American Diabetes Association (2013) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 36(1):67–74. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-S067

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Boney CM, Verma A, Tucker R et al (2005) Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 115(3):290–296. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-1808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Burlina S, Dalfrà MG, Lapolla A (2009) Short- and long-term consequences for offspring exposed to maternal diabetes: a review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 32(4):687–694. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1387893

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Reece EA (2010) The fetal and maternal consequences of gestational diabetes mellitus. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 23(3):199–203. https://doi.org/10.3109/14767050903550659

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) 15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care 45:232–243. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Savvaki D, Taousani E, Goulis DG et al (2018) Guidelines for exercise during normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes: a review of international recommendations. Hormones (Athens) 17:521–529. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-018-0085-6

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Ruchat SM, Mottola MF (2013) The important role of physical activity in the prevention and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 29(5):334–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2402

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Halse RE, Wallman KE, Newnham JP et al (2014) Home-based exercise training improves capillary glucose profile in women with gestational diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 46(9):1702–1709. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Artal R, Catanzaro RB, Gavard JA et al (2007) A lifestyle intervention of weight-gain restriction: diet and exercise in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 32(3):596–601. https://doi.org/10.1139/H07-024

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Phelan S, Phipps MG, Abrams B et al (2011) Randomized trial of a behavioral intervention to prevent excessive gestational weight gain: the Fit for Delivery Study. Am J Clin Nutr 93(4):772–779. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.005306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Ong MJ, Guelfi KJ, Hunter T et al (2009) Supervised home-based exercise may attenuate the decline of glucose tolerance in obese pregnant women. Diabetes Metab 35(5):418–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2009.04.008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Li L, Shi G, Zhang X et al (2021) Analysis and intervention of factors affecting abnormal postpartum glucose tolerance and gestational recurrence in gestational diabetes. Evid Based Complem Alternat Med 2021:8470944. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8470944

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. American Diabetes Association (2022) Introduction: standards of medical care in diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care 4(1):S1–S2. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-Sint

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Vahedi S (2010) World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF): analyses of their item response theory properties based on the graded responses model. Iran J Psychiatry 5(4):140–153

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Bao H, Yu P, Song X et al (2020) The influence of home-based exercise on gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 33(13):2300–2305. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2018.1548595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Guelfi KJ, Ong MJ, Crisp NA et al (2016) Regular exercise to prevent the recurrence of gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 128(4):819–827. https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001632

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Downs DS, Dinallo JM, Birch LL et al (2017) Randomized face-to-face vs. home exercise interventions in pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Psychol Sport Exerc 30:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.02.003

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Yu Y, Xie R, Shen C et al (2018) Effect of exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 31:1632–1637. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767058.2017.1319929

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Halse RE, Wallman KE, Dimmock JA et al (2015) Home-based exercise improves fitness and exercise attitude and intention in women with GDM. Med Sci Sports Exerc 47(8):1698–1704. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000587

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Brankston GN, Mitchell BF, Ryan EA et al (2004) Resistance exercise decreases the need for insulin in overweight women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 190(1):188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(03)00951-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Sklempe Kokic I, Ivanisevic M, Kokic T et al (2018) Acute responses to structured aerobic and resistance exercise in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Scand J Med Sci Sport 28(7):1793–1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13076

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Qazi WA, Babur MN, Malik AN et al (2020) Effects of structured exercise regime on glycosylated hemoglobin and C reactive protein in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Pak J Med Sci 36(7):1449–1453

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Yaping X, Huifen Z, Meijing Z et al (2021) Effects of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on blood glucose levels and pregnancy outcomes in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Ther 12(9):2585–2598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-021-01135-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Menek MY, Budak M (2022) Effect of exercises according to the circadian rhythm in type 2 diabetes: parallel-group, single-blind, crossover study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 32(7):1742–1752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.04.017

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Sklempe Kokic I, Ivanisevic M, Biolo G et al (2018) Combination of a structured aerobic and resistance exercise improves glycaemic control in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. A Random Controll Trial Women Birth 31(4):232–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Keating N, Coveney C, McAuliffe FM et al (2022) Aerobic or resistance exercise for improved glycaemic control and pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(17):10791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710791

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Xie Y, Zhao H, Zhao M et al (2022) Effects of resistance exercise on blood glucose level and pregnancy outcome in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 10(2):002622. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2021-002622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Buhary BM, Almohareb O, Aljohani N et al (2016) Glycemic control and pregnancy outcomes in patients with diabetes in pregnancy: a retrospective study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 20(4):481–490. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.183478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang C, Guelfi KJ, Yang HX (2016) Exercise and its role in gestational diabetes mellitus. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2(4):208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cdtm.2016.11.006

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. American Diabetes Association (2018) Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of medical care in diabetes—2018. Diabetes Care 41(1):137–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Merve Yilmaz Menek

  2. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medipol University Camlıca Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ayse Kavasoglu Kaya

Authors
  1. Merve Yilmaz Menek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ayse Kavasoglu Kaya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Merve Yilmaz Menek.The first draft of the manuscript was written by Merve Yilmaz Menek and both authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Merve Yilmaz Menek.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethical approval

This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Non-interventional Ethics Committee at Medipol University (File number: E-10840098-772.02-6739, Number: 1337, date: 23.12.2021).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Menek, M.Y., Kaya, A.K. Comparison of home exercise under supervision and self home exercise in pregnant women with gestational diabetes: randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet 309, 1075–1082 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07339-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07339-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation