Abstract
Background
Anemia during pregnancy is an important global health concern, affecting 40% of women worldwide, and iron deficiency shares a significant proportion of the burden. From conception to birth, pregnancy is a period when women undergo metabolic and physiological changes. The nutritional needs are higher during pregnancy; thus, adequate nutrition is essential to maintain fetal growth and development. However, adverse effects due to deficiency in nutrition during pregnancy can result in maternal, fetal and neonatal complications. Despite the multifactorial etiology of anemia, iron deficiency is assumed as the primary cause of anemia during pregnancy and hence, mitigation strategy pivots around it for anemia management. Therefore, excluding other contributors, a single-micronutrient approach with iron supplements remains a myopic approach and this can exacerbate iron deficiency anemia. Micronutrient deficiencies are of particular concern as they may pose a silent threat to the survival and well-being of reproductive-age women and their infants.
Aim
Micronutrients, especially trace minerals, play a myriad of roles in pregnancy, and the lack of each one causes adverse complications to both the mother and the fetus. In this review paper, we attempt to piece together available information regarding the adverse effects of abnormal trace mineral levels along with iron deficiency on the mother and the fetus.
Method
A non-systematic literature search in PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane databases, for publications on minerals and vitamins during pregnancy and the possible influence of supplements on pregnancy outcomes.
Conclusion
Micronutrient deficiency exacerbates the pregnancy-induced anemia and other adverse birth outcomes. Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy can combat anemia as well as reduce a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a comprehensive manner.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All the relevant data is available in this paper.
References
Lee AI, Okam MM (2011) Anemia in pregnancy. Hematol/Oncol Clin 25(2):241–259
Roy N, Pavord S (2018) The management of anaemia and haematinic deficiencies in pregnancy and post-partum. Transfus Med 28(2):107–116
Stevens GA, Finucane MM, De-Regil LM, Paciorek CJ, Flaxman SR, Branca F et al (2013) Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. Lancet Glob Health 1(1):e16–e25
Pavord S, Myers B, Robinson S, Allard S, Strong J, Oppenheimer C et al (2012) UK guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in pregnancy. Br J Haematol 156(5):588–600
Fisher AL, Nemeth E (2017) Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 106:1567S-S1574
Sanghavi M, Rutherford JD (2014) Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Circulation 130(12):1003–1008
Lowensohn RI, Stadler DD, Naze C (2016) Current concepts of maternal nutrition. Obstet Gynecol Surv 71(7):413
Mousa A, Naqash A, Lim S (2019) Macronutrient and micronutrient intake during pregnancy: an overview of recent evidence. Nutrients 11(2):443
Blencowe H, Krasevec J, De Onis M, Black RE, An X, Stevens GA et al (2019) National, regional, and worldwide estimates of low birthweight in 2015, with trends from 2000: a systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health 7(7):e849–e860
Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, West KP, Christian P (2016) Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention. Nat Rev Endocrinol 12(5):274–289
Fanzo J, Hawkes C, Udomkesmalee E, Afshin A, Allemandi L, Assery O, et al (2018) 2018 Global Nutrition Report: Shining a light to spur action on nutrition. 2018; Bristol, UK: Development Initiatives
Keeley B, Little C, Zuehlke E. The State of the World's Children 2019: Children, Food and Nutrition--Growing Well in a Changing World. UNICEF. 2019.
Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, Bhutta ZA, Christian P, De Onis M et al (2013) Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet 382(9890):427–451
Berti C, Biesalski H, Gärtner R, Lapillonne A, Pietrzik K, Poston L et al (2011) Micronutrients in pregnancy: current knowledge and unresolved questions. Clin Nutr 30(6):689–701
Gambling L, Andersen HS, McArdle HJ (2008) Iron and copper, and their interactions during development. Biochem Soc Trans 36(6):1258–1261
Myint ZW, Oo TH, Thein KZ, Tun AM, Saeed H (2018) Copper deficiency anemia. Ann Hematol 97(9):1527–1534
Chambers A, Krewski D, Birkett N, Plunkett L, Hertzberg R, Danzeisen R et al (2010) An exposure-response curve for copper excess and deficiency. J Toxicol Environ Health, Part B 13(7–8):546–578
Álvarez SI, Castañón SG, Ruata MLC, Aragüés EF, Terraz PB, Irazabal YG et al (2007) Updating of normal levels of copper, zinc and selenium in serum of pregnant women. J Trace Elem Med Biol 21:49–52
Liu J, Yang H, Shi H, Shen C, Zhou W, Dai Q et al (2010) Blood copper, zinc, calcium, and magnesium levels during different duration of pregnancy in Chinese. Biol Trace Elem Res 135(1):31–37
McArdle H, Andersen H, Jones H, Gambling L (2008) Copper and iron transport across the placenta: regulation and interactions. J Neuroendocrinol 20(4):427–431
Paul S, Prashant A, Chaitra T, Suma M, Vishwanath P, Devaki R (2013) The micronutrient levels in the third trimester of pregnancy and assessment of the neonatal outcome: a pilot study. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR 7(8):1572
Khayat S, Fanaei H, Ghanbarzehi A (2017) Minerals in pregnancy and lactation: a review article. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR 11(9):QE01
Özden TA, Gökçay G, Cantez MS, Durmaz Ö, İşsever H, Ömer B et al (2015) Copper, zinc and iron levels in infants and their mothers during the first year of life: a prospective study. BMC Pediatr 15(1):1–11
Ugwuja EI, Nnabu RC, Ezeonu PO, Uro-Chukwu H (2015) The effect of parity on maternal body mass index, plasma mineral element status and new-born anthropometrics. Afr Health Sci 15(3):986–992
Rossipal E, Krachler M, Li F, Micetic-Turk D (2000) Investigation of the transport of trace elements across barriers in humans: studies of placental and mammary transfer. Acta Paediatr 89(10):1190–1195
Özdemir Y, Börekci B, Levet A, Kurudirek M (2009) Assessment of trace element concentration distribution in human placenta by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence: effect of neonate weight and maternal age. Appl Radiat Isot 67(10):1790–1795
Bermúdez L, García-Vicent C, López J, Torró MI, Lurbe E (2015) Assessment of ten trace elements in umbilical cord blood and maternal blood: association with birth weight. J Transl Med 13(1):1–8
Kolusari A, Kurdoglu M, Yildizhan R, Adali E, Edirne T, Cebi A et al (2008) Catalase activity, serum trace element and heavy metal concentrations, and vitamin A, D and E levels in pre-eclampsia. J Int Med Res 36(6):1335–1341
Serdar Z, Gür E, Develioğlu O (2006) Serum iron and copper status and oxidative stress in severe and mild preeclampsia. Cell Biochem Funct 24(3):209–215
Lewandowska M, Sajdak S, Marciniak W, Lubiński J (2019) First trimester serum copper or zinc levels, and risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Nutrients 11(10):2479
Hao Y, Pang Y, Yan H, Zhang Y, Liu J, Jin L et al (2019) Association of maternal serum copper during early pregnancy with the risk of spontaneous preterm birth: a nested case-control study in China. Environ Int 122:237–243
Keats EC, Haider BA, Tam E, Bhutta ZA (2019) Multiple-micronutrient supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004905.pub6
Oh C, Keats EC, Bhutta ZA (2020) Vitamin and mineral supplementation during pregnancy on maternal, birth, child health and development outcomes in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients 12(2):491
Arredondo M, Núñez MT (2005) Iron and copper metabolism. Mol Aspects Med 26(4–5):313–327
Maret W, Sandstead HH (2006) Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 20(1):3–18
Unicef B (2013) National micronutrients status survey. Inst Public Health Nutr 16:2018
Copper UE (1977) (In) Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition 4th Edition, 57–100. Academic Press, New York
Murakami M, Hirano T (2008) Intracellular zinc homeostasis and zinc signaling. Cancer Sci 99(8):1515–1522
Gunshin H, Mackenzie B, Berger UV, Gunshin Y, Romero MF, Boron WF et al (1997) Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter. Nature 388(6641):482–488
Rouault TA (2006) The role of iron regulatory proteins in mammalian iron homeostasis and disease. Nat Chem Biol 2(8):406–414
Balesaria S, Ramesh B, McArdle H, Bayele HK, Srai SK (2010) Divalent metal-dependent regulation of hepcidin expression by MTF-1. FEBS Lett 584(4):719–725
Graham RD, Knez M, Welch RM (2012) How much nutritional iron deficiency in humans globally is due to an underlying zinc deficiency? Adv Agron 115:1–40
Olivares M, Pizarro F, Ruz M (2007) New insights about iron bioavailability inhibition by zinc. Nutrition 23(4):292–295
Nishiyama S, Kiwaki K, Miyazaki Y, Hasuda T (1999) Zinc and IGF-I concentrations in pregnant women with anemia before and after supplementation with iron and/or zinc. J Am Coll Nutr 18(3):261–267
O’Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Yang D-X, Abrams SA (1999) Influence of prenatal iron and zinc supplements on supplemental iron absorption, red blood cell iron incorporation, and iron status in pregnant Peruvian women. Am J Clin Nutr 69(3):509–515
O’Brien KO, Zavaleta N, Caulfield LE, Wen J, Abrams SA (2000) Prenatal iron supplements impair zinc absorption in pregnant Peruvian women. J Nutr 130(9):2251–2255
Goldenberg RL, Tamura T, Neggers Y, Copper RL, Johnston KE, DuBard MB et al (1995) The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome. JAMA 274(6):463–468
Chaffee BW, King JC (2012) Effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy and infant outcomes: a systematic review. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 26:118–137
Ota E, Mori R, Middleton P, Tobe-Gai R, Mahomed K, Miyazaki C et al (2015) Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000230.pub5
Alemu B, Gashu D (2020) Association of maternal anthropometry, hemoglobin and serum zinc concentration during pregnancy with birth weight. Early Human Dev 142:104949
Hess SY, King JC (2009) Effects of maternal zinc supplementation on pregnancy and lactation outcomes. Food Nutr Bull 30:S60–S78
Tamura T, Goldenberg RL, Johnston KE, DuBard M (2000) Maternal plasma zinc concentrations and pregnancy outcome. Am J Clin Nutr 71(1):109–113
Mistry HD, Kurlak LO, Young SD, Briley AL, Broughton Pipkin F, Baker PN et al (2014) Maternal selenium, copper and zinc concentrations in pregnancy associated with small-for-gestational-age infants. Matern Child Nutr 10(3):327–334
Wang H, Hu Y-F, Hao J-H, Chen Y-H, Su P-Y, Wang Y et al (2015) Maternal zinc deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of fetal growth restriction: a population-based birth cohort study. Sci Rep 5(1):1–10
Rwebembera AA-B, Munubhi E, Manji K, Mpembeni R, Philip J (2005) Relationship between infant birth weight≤ g and maternal zinc levels at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. J Trop Pediatr 52(2):118–125
Kocyłowski R, Lewicka I, Grzesiak M, Gaj Z, Sobańska A, Poznaniak J et al (2018) Assessment of dietary intake and mineral status in pregnant women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 297(6):1433–1440
Knez M, Graham RD, Welch RM, Stangoulis JC (2017) New perspectives on the regulation of iron absorption via cellular zinc concentrations in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 57(10):2128–2143
Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Skalny AV, Suliburska J, Skalnaya MG, Nikonorov AA et al (2017) Interactions of iron with manganese, zinc, chromium, and selenium as related to prophylaxis and treatment of iron deficiency. J Trace Elem Med Biol 41:41–53
Nossier SA, Naeim NE, El-Sayed NA, Zeid AAA (2015) The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcomes: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Egypt Br J Nutr 114(2):274–285
Prawirohartono EP, Nyström L, Nurdiati DS, Hakimi M, Lind T (2013) The impact of prenatal vitamin A and zinc supplementation on birth size and neonatal survival: A double-blind, randomized controlled trial in a rural area of Indonesia. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 83(1):14–25
Costa LG, Aschner M (2014) Manganese in health and disease. Royal Society of Chemistry, London
Garrick MD, Dolan KG (2002) An expression system for a transporter of iron and other metals. Oxidants and Antioxidants. Human Press, New Jersey, pp 147–154
Garrick MD, Singleton ST, Vargas F, Kuo H, Zhao L, Knöpfel M et al (2006) DMT1: which metals does it transport? Biol Res 39(1):79–85
Pantopoulos K (2004) Iron metabolism and the IRE/IRP regulatory system: an update. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1012(1):1–13
Roth JA, Garrick MD (2003) Iron interactions and other biological reactions mediating the physiological and toxic actions of manganese. Biochem Pharmacol 66(1):1–13
Henn BC, Ettinger AS, Schwartz J, Téllez-Rojo MM, Lamadrid-Figueroa H, Hernández-Avila M et al (2010) Early postnatal blood manganese levels and children’s neurodevelopment. Epidemiology 21(4):433
Krachler M, Rossipal E, Micetic-Turk D (1999) Trace element transfer from the mother to the newborn—investigations on triplets of colostrum, maternal and umbilical cord sera. Eur J Clin Nutr 53(6):486–494
Bartnikas TB (2012) Known and potential roles of transferrin in iron biology. Biometals 25(4):677–686
Erikson KM, Syversen T, Aschner JL, Aschner M (2005) Interactions between excessive manganese exposures and dietary iron-deficiency in neurodegeneration. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 19(3):415–421
Chen L, Ding G, Gao Y, Wang P, Shi R, Huang H et al (2014) Manganese concentrations in maternal–infant blood and birth weight. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(9):6170–6175
Oulhote Y, Mergler D, Bouchard MF (2014) Sex-and age-differences in blood manganese levels in the US general population: national health and nutrition examination survey 2011–2012. Environ Health 13(1):1–10
Gong L, Yang Q, Liu C-W-B, Wang X, Zeng H-L (2021) Assessment of 12 essential and toxic elements in whole blood of pregnant and non-pregnant women living in Wuhan of China. Biol Trace Element Res 199(6):2121–2130
Ashrap P, Watkins DJ, Mukherjee B, Boss J, Richards MJ, Rosario Z et al (2020) Predictors of urinary and blood Metal (loid) concentrations among pregnant women in Northern Puerto Rico. Environ Res 183:109178
Guy M, Accrombessi M, Fievet N, Yovo E, Massougbodji A, Le Bot B et al (2018) Toxics (Pb, Cd) and trace elements (Zn, Cu, Mn) in women during pregnancy and at delivery, South Benin, 2014–2015. Environ Res 167:198–206
Takser L, Lafond J, Bouchard M, St-Amour G, Mergler D (2004) Manganese levels during pregnancy and at birth: relation to environmental factors and smoking in a Southwest Quebec population. Environ Res 95(2):119–125
Skalnaya MG, Tinkov AA, Lobanova YN, Chang J-S, Skalny AV (2019) Serum levels of copper, iron, and manganese in women with pregnancy, miscarriage, and primary infertility. J Trace Elem Med Biol 56:124–130
Sarwar M, Ahmed S, Ullah M, Kabir H, Rahman G, Hasnat A et al (2013) Comparative study of serum zinc, copper, manganese, and iron in preeclamptic pregnant women. Biol Trace Elem Res 154(1):14–20
Vigeh M, Yokoyama K, Ramezanzadeh F, Dahaghin M, Fakhriazad E, Seyedaghamiri Z et al (2008) Blood manganese concentrations and intrauterine growth restriction. Reprod Toxicol 25(2):219–223
Yu X, Cao L, Yu X (2013) Elevated cord serum manganese level is associated with a neonatal high ponderal index. Environ Res 121:79–83
Zota AR, Ettinger AS, Bouchard M, Amarasiriwardena CJ, Schwartz J, Hu H et al (2009) Maternal blood manganese levels and infant birth weight. Epidemiology 20(3):367
Eum J-H, Cheong H-K, Ha E-H, Ha M, Kim Y, Hong Y-C et al (2014) Maternal blood manganese level and birth weight: a MOCEH birth cohort study. Environ Health 13(1):1–7
Zoroddu MA, Aaseth J, Crisponi G, Medici S, Peana M, Nurchi VM (2019) The essential metals for humans: a brief overview. J Inorg Biochem 195:120–129
De Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ (2015) Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 95:1–46
Hovdenak N, Haram K (2012) Influence of mineral and vitamin supplements on pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 164(2):127–132
Zarean E, Tarjan A (2017) Effect of magnesium supplement on pregnancy outcomes: a randomized control trial. Adv Biomed Res 6(1):109
Shi Z, Hu X, He K, Yuan B, Garg M (2008) Joint association of magnesium and iron intake with anemia among Chinese adults. Nutrition 24(10):977–984
Cinar V, Nizamlioglu M, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK (2007) Effects of magnesium supplementation on blood parameters of athletes at rest and after exercise. Biol Trace Elem Res 115(3):205–212
Zhan Y, Chen R, Zheng W, Guo C, Lu L, Ji X et al (2014) Association between serum magnesium and anemia: China health and nutrition survey. Biol Trace Elem Res 159(1):39–45
ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice, & Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (2013) Committee opinion No. 573: magnesium sulfate use in obstetrics. Obstet Gynecol 122:727–728
Dalton LM, Ní Fhloinn DM, Gaydadzhieva GT, Mazurkiewicz OM, Leeson H, Wright CP (2016) Magnesium in pregnancy. Nutr Rev 74(9):549–557
Barbosa NO, Okay TS, Leone CR (2005) Magnesium and intrauterine growth restriction. J Am Coll Nutr 24(1):10–15
Takaya J, Yamato F, Kaneko K (2006) Possible relationship between low birth weight and magnesium status: from the standpoint of “fetal origin” hypothesis. Magnes Res 19(1):63–69
Shankar H, Kumar N, Sandhir R, Singh MP, Mittal S, Adhikari T et al (2019) Association of dietary intake below recommendations and micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy and low birthweight. J Perinat Med 47(7):724–731
Djagbletey R, Owusu Darkwa E, deGraft-Johnson P, Sottie D, Essuman R, Aryee G et al (2018) Serum Calcium and Magnesium Levels in Normal Ghanaian Pregnant Women: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 6(11):2006–2011
Kanagal DV, Rajesh A, Rao K, Devi UH, Shetty H, Kumari S et al (2014) Levels of serum calcium and magnesium in pre-eclamptic and normal pregnancy: a study from Coastal India. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR 8(7):OC01
Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Ngamjarus C, Laopaiboon M, Medley N (2015) Calcium supplementation (other than for preventing or treating hypertension) for improving pregnancy and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007079.pub3
McMaster KM, Kaunitz AM, Burbano de Lara P, Sanchez-Ramos L (2017) A systematic review and meta-analysis of hypocalciuria in pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynecol Obstet 138(1):3–11
Mosha D, Liu E, Hertzmark E, Chan G, Sudfeld C, Masanja H et al (2017) Dietary iron and calcium intakes during pregnancy are associated with lower risk of prematurity, stillbirth and neonatal mortality among women in Tanzania. Public Health Nutr 20(4):678–686
Williamson C (2006) Nutrition in pregnancy. Nutr Bull 31(1):28–59
Hofmeyr GJ, Lawrie TA, Atallah ÁN, Torloni MR (2018) Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub5
World Health Organization (2013) Guideline: Calcium supplementation in pregnant women. World Health Organization
Naylor K, Iqbal P, Fledelius C, Fraser R, Eastell R (2000) The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover. J Bone Miner Res 15(1):129–137
Norman J, Politz D, Politz L (2009) Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy and the effect of rising calcium on pregnancy loss: a call for earlier intervention. Clin Endocrinol 71(1):104–109
Bhutta ZA, Das JK, Rizvi A, Gaffey MF, Walker N, Horton S et al (2013) Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? The lancet 382(9890):452–477
Zhukovskaya E, Karelin A, Rumyantsev A (2019) Neurocognitive dysfunctions in iron deficiency patients. IntechOpen, London, UK
Standley CA, Whitty JE, Mason BA, Cotton DB (1997) Serum ionized magnesium levels in normal and preeclamptic gestation. Obstet Gynecol 89(1):24–27
Hanna B (2009) The role of calcium correction during normal pregnancy at third trimester in Mosul. Oman Med J 24(3):188
Sultana M, Begum R, Akhter Q, Lovely N, Akhter S, Islam M (2012) Serum calcium and phosphate level in normal pregnant women. Bangladesh J Med Sci 11(3):217–220
National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, New Zealand Ministry of Health. Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand. Canberra: National Health and Medical Research Council (2006)
Rayman MP (2008) Food-chain selenium and human health: emphasis on intake. Br J Nutr 100(2):254–268
Ross AC, Caballero BH, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR (2012) Modern nutrition in health and disease. Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP), Norway
Mistry HD, Williams PJ (2011) The importance of antioxidant micronutrients in pregnancy. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2011:1–12
Rayman MP (2000) The importance of selenium to human health. The lancet 356(9225):233–241
Koçak İ, Aksoy E, Cp Ü (1999) Recurrent spontaneous abortion and selenium deficiency. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1(65):79–80
Maleki A, Fard MK, Zadeh DH, Mamegani MA, Abasaizadeh S, Mazloomzadeh S (2011) The relationship between plasma level of Se and preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 30(2):180–187
Mistry HD, Wilson V, Ramsay MM, Symonds ME, Pipkin FB (2008) Reduced selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activity in preeclamptic pregnancies. Hypertension 52(5):881–888
Rayman MP (2016) Is adequate selenium important for healthy human pregnancy? Springer, Selenium, pp 353–364
Negro R, Attanasio R, Grimaldi F, Marcocci C, Guglielmi R, Papini E (2016) A 2016 Italian survey about the clinical use of selenium in thyroid disease. Eur Thyroid J 5(3):164–170
Davies S, Briand V, Accrombessi M, Fievet N, Le Bot B, Durand S et al (2021) Pre-conception serum ferritin concentrations are associated with metal concentrations in blood during pregnancy: A cohort study in Benin. Environ Res 202:111629
Caspersen IH, Thomsen C, Haug LS, Knutsen HK, Brantsæter AL, Papadopoulou E et al (2019) Patterns and dietary determinants of essential and toxic elements in blood measured in mid-pregnancy: The Norwegian Environmental Biobank. Sci Total Environ 671:299–308
Amorós R, Murcia M, Ballester F, Broberg K, Iñiguez C, Rebagliato M et al (2018) Selenium status during pregnancy: Influential factors and effects on neuropsychological development among Spanish infants. Sci Total Environ 610:741–749
Jiang S, Yang B, Xu J, Liu Z, Yan C, Zhang J et al (2019) Associations of internal-migration status with maternal exposure to stress, lead, and selenium deficiency among pregnant women in Shanghai. China Biol Trace Elem Res 190(2):309–317
Nogales F, Ojeda ML, Del Valle PM, Serrano A, Murillo ML, Carreras SO (2017) Metabolic syndrome and selenium during gestation and lactation. Eur J Nutr 56(2):819–830
Khoushabi F, Shadan MR, Miri A, Sharifi-Rad J (2016) Determination of maternal serum zinc, iron, calcium and magnesium during pregnancy in pregnant women and umbilical cord blood and their association with outcome of pregnancy. Materia Socio-Medica 28(2):104
Kocyłowski R, Lewicka I, Grzesiak M, Gaj Z, Oszukowski P, von Kaisenberg C et al (2018) Evaluation of mineral concentrations in maternal serum before and after birth and in newborn cord blood postpartum—preliminary study. Biol Trace Elem Res 182(2):217–223
Tabrizi FM, Pakdel FG (2014) Serum level of some minerals during three trimesters of pregnancy in Iranian women and their newborns: a longitudinal study. Indian J Clin Biochem 29(2):174–180
Jariwala M, Suvarna S, Kiran Kumar G, Amin A, Udas A (2014) Study of the concentration of trace elements Fe, Zn, Cu, Se and their correlation in maternal serum, cord serum and colostrums. Indian J Clin Biochem 29(2):181–188
Mistry HD, Pipkin FB, Redman CW, Poston L (2012) Selenium in reproductive health. Am J Obstet Gynecol 206(1):21–30
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Indian Council of Medical Research, India for infrastructure like internet facility and access to the journals website.
Funding
This study and all authors have received no funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
GKT and HS have made equal contribution to study and publication: GKT and HS wrote the paper: TA and BK read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Thakur, G.k., Shankar, H., Arora, T.K. et al. Role of mineral nutrients other than iron in pregnancy: under recognized opportunities to improve maternal/fetal outcomes: a literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet 309, 895–905 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07183-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-023-07183-6