Bcl-2 transfected HaCaT keratinocytes resist apoptotic signals of ceramides, tumor necrosis factor α and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃

Abstract During the last few years increasing evidence has shown that sphingolipid metabolites are highly bioactive compounds that play important roles in cellular regulation. The induction of ceramide signalling in primary human keratinocytes and HaCaT keratinocytes has recently been demonstrated using 1·,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃. The data obtained indicate that approximately one-third of the proapoptotic effect of 1·,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ is mediated by an intracellular ceramide increase induced via tumor necrosis factor · expression and autocrine stimulation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis. In the present study the role of bcl-2 in this process was investigated. HaCaT keratinocytes were transfected with bcl-2 and the effects of C₂-ceramide, tumor necrosis factor · and 1·,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ on HaCaT keratinocytes stably overexpressing bcl-2 were determined. Apoptosis was measured by detection of soluble DNA-histone complexes using the ELISA technique. In situ analysis of apoptotic cells was also carried out by detecting phosphatidylserine flip using the annexin V method and by detecting DNA fragmentation using the TUNEL assay. The results obtained showed that apoptosis induced by C₂-ceramide, tumor necrosis factor · or 1·,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ occurred in a vector-transfected clone but not in a bcl-2-transfected HaCaT clone. This indicates the important role of bcl-2 in the regulation of ceramide-mediated signalling pathways in human keratinocytes and supports the involvement of ceramide as a signalling molecule in 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃-induced biological responses.