Abstract
We conducted this experimental study to analyze the relationship between sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-induced mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and keloid formation. We collected samples of the normal tissue and the keloid tissue from 10 normal healthy individuals and 12 patients with keloid scars, respectively. Then, we compared the level of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR1/S1PR2) mRNA/protein expression between the normal tissue and the keloid tissue. Moreover, we also compared the level of S1PR protein expression, that of S1P-induced COL1A1 (collagen Type I, α-1 chain) expression, that of S1P-induced JNK/ERK phosphorylation, that of S1P-induced COL1A1 expression following the treatment with 30 μM PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) or 30 μM SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) and that of S1P-induced COL1A1 expression following the treatment with W146 (S1PR1 inhibitor) or JTE013 (S1PR2 inhibitor) between the normal fibroblasts and the keloid fibroblasts. We found that the level of S1PR1/S1PR2 mRNA/protein expression was significantly higher in the keloid tissue as compared with the normal tissue. Our results also showed that the level of S1P-induced COL1A1 expression and that of S1P-induced JNK/ERK phosphorylation were significantly higher in the keloid fibroblasts as compared with the normal ones (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant decreases in the level of S1P-induced COL1A1 expression when the keloid fibroblasts were treated with 30 μM SP600125 or 30 μM PD98059 and that of S1P-induced COL1A1 expression when the treated with 100 nM W146 or 100 nM JTE013 (P < 0.05). Our results indicate that S1P-induced signal transduction is associated with increased collagen synthesis via S1PR-mediated signaling pathways in the keloid tissue.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Attar A, Mess S, Thomassen JM, Kauffman CL, Davison SP (2006) Keloid pathogenesis and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:286–300
An D, Na C, Bielawski J, Hannun YA, Kasper DL (2011) Membrane sphingolipids as essential molecular signals for Bacteroides survival in the intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(Suppl 1):4666–4671
Arciniegas E, Carrillo LM, Rojas H, Ramírez R, Chopite M (2019) Galectin-1 and galectin-3 and their potential binding partners in the dermal thickening of keloid tissues. Am J Dermatopathol 41:193–204
Brew K, Nagase H (2016) The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs): an ancient family with structural and functional diversity. Biochim Biophys Acta 1803:55–71
Chang NS (2000) TGF-beta-induced matrix proteins inhibit p42/44 MAPK and JNK activation and suppress TNF-mediated IkappaBalpha degradation and NF-kappaB nuclear translocation in L929 fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 267:194–200
Dohi T, Miyake K, Aoki M et al (2015) Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 suppresses collagen synthesis in cultured keloid fibroblasts. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 3:e520
Gamard CJ, Dbaibo GS, Liu B, Obeid LM, Hannun YA (1997) Selective involvement of ceramide in cytokine-induced apoptosis. Ceramide inhibits phorbol ester activation of nuclear factor kappaB. J Biol Chem 272:16474–16481
Gauglitz GG (2013) Management of keloids and hypertrophic scars: current and emerging options. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 6:103–114
Gill SE, Parks WC (2008) Metalloproteinases and their inhibitors: regulators of wound healing. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 40:1334–1347
Hait NC, Maiti A (2017) The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide-1-phosphate in inflammation and cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2017:4806541
He S, Liu X, Yang Y et al (2010) Mechanisms of transforming growth factor beta(1)/Smad signalling mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in keloid fibroblasts. Br J Dermatol 162:538–546
Heffernan-Stroud LA, Obeid LM (2013) Sphingosine kinase 1 in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 117:201–235
Hu ZC, Tang B, Guo D et al (2014) Expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in keloid and hypertrophic scar. Clin Exp Dermatol 39:822–828
Huang C, Murphy GF, Akaishi S, Ogawa R (2013) Keloids and hypertrophic scars: update and future directions. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 1:e25
Ishihara H, Yoshimoto H, Fujioka M et al (2000) Keloid fibroblasts resist ceramide-induced apoptosis by overexpression of insulin-like growth factor I receptor. J Invest Dermatol 115:1065–1071
Kim S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Chung JH (2008) Ceramide accelerates ultraviolet-induced MMP-1 expression through JAK1/STAT-1 pathway in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J Lipid Res 49:2571–2581
Kim SH, Jung SH, Chung H et al (2014) Annexin A2 participates in human skin keloid formation by inhibiting fibroblast proliferation. Arch Dermatol Res 306:347–357
Kitatani K, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Hannun YA (2008) The sphingolipid salvage pathway in ceramide metabolism and signaling. Cell Signal 20:1010–1018
Kye KC, Chae EK, Piao YJ et al (2004) Signaling events during induction of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression by sphingosylphosphorylcholine in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 122:1365–1371
Lei R, Shen J, Zhang S et al (2019) Inactivating the ubiquitin ligase Parkin suppresses cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in human keloids. J Cell Physiol. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28332
Lee JH, Kim SE, Lee AY (2008) Effects of interferon-alpha2b on keloid treatment with triamcinolone acetonide intralesional injection. Int J Dermatol 47:183–186
Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method. Methods 25:402–408
Maceyka M, Payne SG, Milstien S, Spiegel S (2002) Sphingosine kinase, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and apoptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1585:193–201
Ponnusamy S, Meyers-Needham M, Senkal CE et al (2010) Sphingolipids and cancer: ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate in the regulation of cell death and drug resistance. Future Oncol 6:1603–1624
Ryu JM, Baek YB, Shin MS et al (2014) Sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced Flk-1 transactivation stimulates mouse embryonic stem cell proliferation through S1P1/S1P3-dependent β-arrestin/c-Src pathways. Stem Cell Res 12:69–85
Saray Y, Güleç AT (2005) Treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars with dermojet injections of bleomycin: a preliminary study. Int J Dermatol 44:777–784
Sayah DN, Soo C, Shaw WW et al (1999) Downregulation of apoptosis-related genes in keloid tissues. J Surg Res 87:209–216
Spiegel S, Merrill AH Jr (1996) Sphingolipid metabolism and cell growth regulation. FASEB J 10:1388–1397
Strub GM, Maceyka M, Hait NC, Milstien S, Spiegel S (2010) Extracellular and intracellular actions of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Adv Exp Med Biol 688:141–155
Syed F, Ahmadi E, Iqbal SA, Singh S, McGrouther DA, Bayat A (2011) Fibroblasts from the growing margin of keloid scars produce higher levels of collagen I and III compared with intralesional and extralesional sites: clinical implications for lesional site-directed therapy. Br J Dermatol 164:83–96
Tawada C, Kanoh H, Nakamura M et al (2014) Interferon-γ decreases ceramides with long-chain fatty acids: possible involvement in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 134:712–718
van den Broek LJ, Limandjaja GC, Niessen FB, Gibbs S (2014) Human hypertrophic and keloid scar models: principles, limitations and future challenges from a tissue engineering perspective. Exp Dermatol 23:382–386
Wang XQ, Liu YK, Qing C, Lu SL (2009) A review of the effectiveness of antimitotic drug injections for hypertrophic scars and keloids. Ann Plast Surg 63:688–692
Watters RJ, Wang HG, Sung SS, Loughran TP, Liu X (2011) Targeting sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors in cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 11:810–817
Whitmarsh AJ (2007) Regulation of gene transcription by mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta 1773:1285–1298
Wu J, Spiegel S, Sturgill TW (1995) Sphingosine 1-phosphate rapidly activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway by a G protein-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 270:11484–11488
Xiu L, Chang N, Yang L et al (2015) Intracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate contributes to collagen expression of hepatic myofibroblasts in human liver fibrosis independent of its receptors. Am J Pathol 185:387–398
Yeap YY, Ng IH, Badrian B et al (2010) c-Jun N-terminal kinase/c-Jun inhibits fibroblast proliferation by negatively regulating the levels of stathmin/oncoprotein 18. Biochem J 430:345–354
Zhang GY, Gao WY, Li X et al (2009) Effect of camptothecin on collagen synthesis in fibroblasts from patients with keloid. Ann Plast Surg 63:94–99
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Korean Research Foundation grant funded by the Korean Government (KRF-2010–0006841).
Funding
Non-applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed consent
Informed consent of the patients was waived due to retrospective nature of the current study. But their normal controls submitted a written informed consent.
Ethical standards
The current study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of our medical institution (IRB approval # CR316049). All the experimental procedures were performed during September of 2016.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jung, S.H., Song, Y.K., Chung, H. et al. Association between sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and keloid formation. Arch Dermatol Res 311, 711–719 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-019-01961-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-019-01961-6