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Cosmetic applications of glucitol-core containing gallotannins from a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves extract: inhibition of melanogenesis via down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expression in B16F10 melanoma cells

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Abstract

The red maple (Acer rubrum) is a rich source of phenolic compounds which possess galloyl groups attached to different positions of a 1,5-anhydro-d-glucitol core. While these glucitol-core containing gallotannins (GCGs) have reported anti-oxidant and anti-glycative effects, they have not yet been evaluated for their cosmetic applications. Herein, the anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanogenic effects of a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple leaves extract [Maplifa™; contains ca. 45% ginnalin A (GA) along with other GCGs] were investigated using enzyme and cellular assays. The GCGs showed anti-tyrosinase activity with IC50 values ranging from 101.4 to 1047.3 μM and their mechanism of tyrosinase inhibition (using GA as a representative GCG) was evaluated by chelating and computational/modeling studies. GA reduced melanin content in murine melanoma B16F10 cells by 79.1 and 56.7% (at non-toxic concentrations of 25 and 50 μM, respectively), and its mechanisms of anti-melanogenic effects were evaluated by using methods including fluorescent probe (DCF-DA), real-time PCR, and western blot experiments. These data indicated that GA was able to: (1) reduce the levels of reactive oxygen species, (2) down-regulate the expression of MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2 gene levels in a time-dependent manner, and (3) significantly reduce protein expression of the TRP-2 gene. Therefore, the anti-melanogenic effects of red maple GCGs warrant further investigation of this proprietary natural product extract for potential cosmetic applications.

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Abbreviations

GCGs:

Glucitol-core containing gallotannins

GA:

Ginnalin A

GB:

Ginnalin B

GC:

Ginnalin C

MF:

Maplexin F

MJ:

Maplexin J

DCT:

DOPA-chrome tautomerase

DOPA:

3,4-dehydroxyphenylalanine

DHICA:

5,6-dihydroxyindol-2-carboxylic acid

MITF:

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TYR:

Tyrosinase

TRP-1:

Tryosinase-related protein-1

TRP-2:

Tryosinase-related protein-2

DCF-DA:

2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium

DMSO:

Dimethylsulfoxide

MTS:

3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium

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Acknowledgements

HM was supported by the Omar Magnate Foundation Fellowship. The spectroscopic data were acquired from instruments located in the RI-INBRE core facility supported by Grant # P20GM103430 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioactive Botanical Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA

    Hang Ma, Jialin Xu, Nicholas A. DaSilva, Zhengxi Wei, Liangran Guo, Shelby L. Johnson, Wei Lu & Navindra P. Seeram

  2. Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China

    Jialin Xu

  3. Pre-Incubator for Innovative Drugs and Medicine, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Ling Wang

  4. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 East Circle Road at University City, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Jun Xu & Qiong Gu

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  1. Hang Ma
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Correspondence to Hang Ma or Navindra P. Seeram.

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Conflict of interest

HM and NPS are co-inventors on a patent application on the skin-whitening applications of maple gallotannins. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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There is no funding source for this study.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Ma, H., Xu, J., DaSilva, N.A. et al. Cosmetic applications of glucitol-core containing gallotannins from a proprietary phenolic-enriched red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves extract: inhibition of melanogenesis via down-regulation of tyrosinase and melanogenic gene expression in B16F10 melanoma cells. Arch Dermatol Res 309, 265–274 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-017-1728-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00403-017-1728-1

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